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Codified Laws

TITLE 43

PROPERTY

Chapter

01    General Provisions And Classes Of Property

02    Ownership Of Property

02A    Alien Ownership Of Agricultural Land

03    Present And Future Interests In Property

04    Transfer Of Property

05    Restraints On Alienation Of Property

06    Accumulations Of Income Of Property

07    Estates In Real Property

08    Present Estates In Real Property

09    Future Estates In Real Property

10    Real Property Trusts [Repealed]

11    Real Property Powers

12    Real Property Covenants

13    Easements And Servitudes

13A    Carbon Pipeline Easements

14    Rights Of Occupants And Settlers

15    Vertical And Horizontal Property Regimes [Repealed]

15A    Condominiums

15B    Time-Share Estates

16    Land Boundaries, Monuments And Subsurface Rights

17    Water Boundaries And Riparian Lands

18    Land Surveys

19    Township Surveys And Landmarks

20    Perpetuation Of Survey Corners

21    Survey And Recording Of Plats

22    South Dakota Coordinate System

23    Partition Fences

24    Local Option Woven-Wire Fences

25    Deeds And Conveyances

26    Real Estate Sale Contracts

27    Names Of Farms, Ranches And Homes

28    Recording Of Instruments

29    Title Defects Cured By Lapse Of Time

30    Marketable Title To Real Estate

30A    Abandoned Mineral Interests

30B    Trust For Unlocated Or Unidentified Mineral Interest Owners

31    Homestead Exemption

32    Lease Of Real Property

33    Fixtures To Land

34    Accessions To Personal Property

35    Transfer Of Personal Property

36    Gifts Of Personal Property

37    Loan Of Personal Property

38    Hiring Of Personal Property [Repealed]

39    Deposit Of Personal Property

40    Safeguarding Of Property In Hotels

41    Lost And Found Property

41A    Disposition Of Unclaimed Property [Repealed]

41B    Uniform Unclaimed Property Act

41C    Unclaimed Property Held By Museums Or Historical Societies

42    Things In Action

43    Products Of The Mind

43A    Sound Reproductions

43B    Computer Programs

44    Emblems Of Associations

45    Personal Property Exempt From Process

46    Joint Owners' Liability For Decedents' Debts



43-1 GENERAL PROVISIONS AND CLASSES OF PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-1

GENERAL PROVISIONS AND CLASSES OF PROPERTY

43-1-1      Property defined.
43-1-2      Classes of property.
43-1-3      Real and personal property distinguished.
43-1-4      Land as solid material of earth.
43-1-5      Appurtenant to land defined--Mining machinery and equipment.
43-1-6      Law governing real property.
43-1-7      Law governing personal property.



43-2 OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-2

OWNERSHIP OF PROPERTY

43-2-1      Ownership defined.
43-2-2      Property and rights subject to ownership.
43-2-3      Wild animals subject to ownership.
43-2-4      Absolute or qualified ownership of property.
43-2-5      Absolute ownership of property defined.
43-2-6      Qualified ownership of property defined.
43-2-7      Public or private ownership of property--State as private proprietor.
43-2-8      Property owned by state.
43-2-9      Right of individual to take, hold, and dispose of property.
43-2-10      Sole ownership of property.
43-2-11      Ownership of property by several persons.
43-2-12      Joint tenancy interest--Title created by will or transfer.
43-2-13      Conveyance of interest in property to spouse--Joint tenancy created.
43-2-14      Conveyance to two or more grantees creating joint tenancy.
43-2-15      Partnership interest defined.
43-2-16      Interest in common defined.
43-2-17      Interest created in several persons in their own right as interest in common.



CHAPTER 43-2A

ALIEN OWNERSHIP OF AGRICULTURAL LAND

43-2A-1    Definitions.

43-2A-2    Limitations on foreign ownership--Exceptions.

43-2A-3    Agricultural land acquired in violation--Period to comply.

43-2A-4    Aliens acquiring agricultural land by process of law--Time to alienate title.

43-2A-5    Nonresident alien becoming bona fide resident--Right to acquire agricultural land.

43-2A-6    Violation--Forfeiture to state--Enforcement--Impact on title.

43-2A-6.1    Violation--Investigation--Subpoena power.

43-2A-6.2    Violation--Burden of proof.

43-2A-6.3    Violation--Appeal.

43-2A-7    Reports monitored by Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources.

43-2A-7.1    AFIDA report--Duplicate filing with department.

43-2A-8    Exception for property owned by corporation for nonfarming purposes--Cement Plant Commission property.



43-3 PRESENT AND FUTURE INTERESTS IN PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-3

PRESENT AND FUTURE INTERESTS IN PROPERTY

43-3-1      Duration of enjoyment of property--Conditional enjoyment.
43-3-2      Effect of conditions precedent or subsequent.
43-3-3      Validity of condition precedent requiring performance of wrongful or unlawful act.
43-3-4      Validity of conditions imposing restraints upon marriage.
43-3-5      Conditions restraining alienation--Effect of repugnancy.
43-3-6      Mere possibility does not constitute an interest in property.
43-3-7      Present or future interest--Time of enjoyment--Right to possession of property.
43-3-8      Limitation, condition, or interest--Time of creation.
43-3-9      Future interest vested or contingent.
43-3-10      Vested future interest defined.
43-3-11      Contingent future interest defined.
43-3-12      Improbability of contingency does not invalidate future interest.
43-3-13      Creation of future interests to take effect in the alternative.
43-3-14      Limitation of future interest to successors, heirs, issue, or children--Rights of posthumous children.
43-3-15      Effect of limitation of future interest by grant to take effect on death without issue.
43-3-16      Birth of posthumous child terminates future interest depending on death without successors under certain circumstances.
43-3-17      Creator of future interest may provide for its termination.
43-3-18      Future interest unaffected by act of owner of intermediate or precedent interest.
43-3-19      Future interest not defeated by determination of precedent interest.
43-3-20      Conveyance of future interest.
43-3-21      Perpetual or limited interest in property--Duration of enjoyment.



CHAPTER 43-4

TRANSFER OF PROPERTY

43-4-1    Transfer of property defined.

43-4-2    Property subject to transfer--Rights of trustee, conservator, or personal representative.

43-4-3    Property not subject to transfer.

43-4-4    Voluntary transfer of property defined.

43-4-5    Transfer without writing where not required by statute.

43-4-6    Transfer in writing a grant.

43-4-7    Grant takes effect upon delivery by grantor--Presumption as to delivery.

43-4-8    Absolute delivery of grant required--Conditional delivery ineffective.

43-4-9    Constructive delivery of grant--Agreement of parties.

43-4-10    Constructive delivery of grant to stranger for benefit of grantee.

43-4-11    Escrow delivery of grant.

43-4-12    Redelivery of grant does not transfer title.

43-4-13    Grant interpreted as contract.

43-4-14    Construction of grant--Limitations--Operative words.

43-4-15    Irreconcilable parts of grant--Prevailing part.

43-4-16    Grantee favored in interpretation of grant--Exception.

43-4-17    Title transferred--Intention of parties.

43-4-18    Incidents included with thing transferred.

43-4-19    Transfer of present interest and benefit of condition or covenant.

43-4-20    Definition of terms.

43-4-21    Imposition and amount of real estate transfer fee.

43-4-22    Exemptions from real estate transfer fee.

43-4-23    Exempt transfers to be marked.

43-4-24    Collection of real estate transfer fee by register--Amount indicated on face of deed.

43-4-25    Disposition of proceeds of real estate transfer fee collections--Records of register.

43-4-26    Falsification of value of real estate or false claim of exemption as misdemeanor.

43-4-27    Satisfaction of bequest, devise, or transfer in trust by distribution of assets in kind at values determined for federal estate tax purposes--Appreciation or depreciation in value considered.

43-4-28    Effective date of application of provisions as to distributions at values determined for federal estate tax purposes.

43-4-29    43-4-29 to 43-4-36. Repealed by SL 1995, ch 167, § 184

43-4-37    Definition of terms for required disclosures in certain real estate transfers.

43-4-38    Buyer furnished completed disclosure statement prior to written offer--Amendment.

43-4-39    Terminating written offer made prior to disclosure statement.

43-4-40    Liability for defect disclosed in statement.

43-4-41    Good faith disclosure required.

43-4-42    Residential real property disclosure statement--Liability for failure to comply.

43-4-43    Application of disclosure statement requirements.

43-4-44    Property condition disclosure statement.

43-4-44.1    Additional disclosure--Residential real property under a homeowners' association.

43-4-45    43-4-45. Repealed by SL 2005, ch 230, § 2.

43-4-46    Transfer defined.

43-4-47    Private transfer fee defined.

43-4-48    Private transfer fee obligation defined.

43-4-49    Private transfer fee obligations after June 30, 2011 unenforceable-- Private transfer fee obligations before June 30, 2011 not presumed valid and enforceable.

43-4-50    Liability for private transfer fee obligations recorded or entered into after June 30, 2011.

43-4-51    Disclosure of private transfer fee obligations.

43-4-52    Notices of private transfer fee obligation to be recorded for obligations imposed before July 1, 2011--Contents.

43-4-53    Amendment to notice of transfer fee.

43-4-54    Effect of failure to record notice of private transfer fee obligation.

43-4-55    Effect of failure to provide written statement of private transfer fee payable within thirty days of request.

43-4-56    Affidavit concerning request for and failure to provide written statement of transfer fee--Recording--Contents.

43-4-57    Recorded affidavit constitutes prima facie evidence of stated facts.



43-5 RESTRAINTS ON ALIENATION OF PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-5

RESTRAINTS ON ALIENATION OF PROPERTY

43-5-1      Absolute power of alienation--Suspension--Limitation.
43-5-2      Future interests suspending absolute power of alienation beyond prescribed limitation void.
43-5-3      Term of years--Suspension of absolute ownership.
43-5-4      Suspension of power to alienate trust as suspension of power of alienation.
43-5-5      Computation of period for interest or trust created under power of appointment.
43-5-6      Distribution according to intent of creator.
43-5-7      Exempt transfers.
43-5-8      Rule against perpetuities not in force.
43-5-9      Limitation of actions to void existing instruments.



43-6 ACCUMULATIONS OF INCOME OF PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-6

ACCUMULATIONS OF INCOME OF PROPERTY

43-6-1      Income of property defined.
43-6-2      Disposition of income from future interests.
43-6-3      Valid limitation of future interest--Suspension of power of alienation or ownership--Right to undisposed income.
43-6-4 to 43-6-6.      Repealed.
43-6-7      Accumulation of trust income.



43-7 ESTATES IN REAL PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-7

ESTATES IN REAL PROPERTY

43-7-1      Duration of enjoyment of estates in real property.
43-7-2      Classification of estates in real property.
43-7-3      Estate of inheritance--Fee simple or absolute fee.
43-7-4      Abolishment of estates tail--Fee tail is now a fee simple.
43-7-5      Remainder in fee limited upon fee tail estate is valid as contingent limitation upon a fee.
43-7-6      Estate during life of a third person is a freehold.



CHAPTER 43-8

PRESENT ESTATES IN REAL PROPERTY

43-8-1    Rights of life tenant--Use of land--Exception.

43-8-2    Building and fences--Duty of life tenant to repair, and pay taxes and assessments.

43-8-3    Lease for life--Recovery of rent due.

43-8-4    Recovery of rent dependent upon life of another.

43-8-5    Tenant for years or at will--Restriction of rights by instrument creating tenancy.

43-8-6    Rights of tenant for years or at will not holding over.

43-8-7    Rights acquired under transfer or devise of real property--Recovery of rent--Enforcement of terms of lease--Action for waste.

43-8-8    Estate at will--Residential property--Termination by notice--Extended notice for active military service.

43-8-8.1    Estate at will--Commercial property--Termination by notice.

43-8-9    Written notice to terminate estate at will required--Manner of delivery--Posting on premises.

43-8-10    Estate at will--Termination by notice--Reentry by landlord or action for possession.

43-8-11    Right of reentry--Reservation in grant or lease--Three days' previous written notice sufficient.

43-8-12    Accrual of right to reenter--Notice of action for possession unnecessary.



43-9 FUTURE ESTATES IN REAL PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-9

FUTURE ESTATES IN REAL PROPERTY

43-9-1      Freehold estate--Commencement at a future date.
43-9-2      Limitation of future estate.
43-9-3      Reversion, definition.
43-9-4      Remainder, definition.
43-9-5      Contingent remainder in fee created on prior remainder in fee.
43-9-6      Successive estates for life--Limitation.
43-9-7      Remainder upon successive estates for life.
43-9-8      Repealed.
43-9-9      Estate for life cannot be limited as a remainder on a term of years--Exception.
43-9-10      Conditional limitation--Remainder limited on contingency.
43-9-11      Rights of heirs of life tenant when made remaindermen.
43-9-12      Effect of remainder limited on estate for life or for years.
43-9-13      Vesting of future estate unaffected by unexecuted power of appointment.
43-9-14      Action for injury to inheritance--Right to maintain.



43-10 REAL PROPERTY TRUSTS [REPEALED]
CHAPTER 43-10

REAL PROPERTY TRUSTS [REPEALED]

43-10-1 to 43-10-12.      Repealed.
43-10-13      Repealed.
43-10-14 to 43-10-23.      Repealed.



43-11 REAL PROPERTY POWERS
CHAPTER 43-11

REAL PROPERTY POWERS

43-11-1      Powers restricted to those specified.
43-11-2      Creation of beneficial power in relation to real property limited.
43-11-3      Simple power of attorney to convey not covered by chapter.
43-11-4      Power, definition.
43-11-5      Definition of terms--Author of power--Holder of power.
43-11-6      Classification of powers.
43-11-7      General power defined.
43-11-8      Special power defined.
43-11-9      Beneficial power defined.
43-11-10      Power in trust defined.
43-11-11      General power in trust defined.
43-11-12      Special power in trust defined.
43-11-13      Capacity to create power.
43-11-14      Manner of creating power.
43-11-15      Vesting of power.
43-11-16      Grantor may reserve power in conveyance.
43-11-17      Effect of reservation of absolute power of revocation by grantor--Rights of creditors and purchasers.
43-11-18      Effect of absolute power of disposition given to life tenant or tenant for years--Rights of creditors, purchasers, or encumbrancers.
43-11-19      Effect of absolute power of disposition given to person to whom no particular estate is limited--Rights of creditors, purchasers, and encumbrancers.
43-11-20      Effect of absolute power of disposition of estate not limited by a remainder.
43-11-21      General and beneficial power to devise inheritance--Absolute power to dispose of fee.
43-11-22      Power of disposition absolute where holder can dispose of entire fee in his lifetime.
43-11-23      Special and beneficial power to make leases valid during life estate.
43-11-24      Special and beneficial power to lease void only as to excess term.
43-11-25      Transfer of power of owner of life estate to make leases.
43-11-26      Release of power of owner of life estate to make leases.
43-11-27      Mortgage by owner of life estate having power to make leases does not extinguish or suspend the power.
43-11-28      Effects on the power of a lien by mortgage.
43-11-29      Power to sell real property given as security for payment of money as part of the security.
43-11-30      Power irrevocable unless authorized by instrument creating the power.
43-11-31      Power as a lien upon real property.
43-11-32      Enforcement of powers for benefit of interested parties.
43-11-33      Liability of power to claims of creditors.
43-11-34      Execution of trust power for benefit of creditors or assignees of beneficiary.
43-11-35      Right of trustee to select or exclude beneficiaries of trust.
43-11-36      Release of power to appoint--Execution by donee--Terms and conditions.
43-11-37      Validity of release of power to appoint.
43-11-38      Release of power to appoint--Filing and recording--Sufficiency of delivery.
43-11-39      Capacity to execute a power.
43-11-40      Married woman's capacity to execute a power.
43-11-41      Effect of execution of power by married woman.


43-11-42      Execution of power vested in several persons.
43-11-43      Written instrument required for execution of power.
43-11-44      Power to dispose by grant not subject to execution by will.
43-11-45      Power to dispose by devise or will--Execution by will required.
43-11-46      Power authorizing execution of instrument insufficient to pass estate--Law governing.
43-11-47      Power directing formalities in addition to legal requirements--Observance unnecessary.
43-11-48      Instrument in execution of power a conveyance--Record required.
43-11-49      Nominal conditions annexed to power disregarded.
43-11-50      Intention of author of power to be observed--Exception.
43-11-51      Consent of third person to execution of power--Writing required--Signature.
43-11-52      Consent of several persons to execution of power--Sufficiency of consent of survivors.
43-11-53      Effect of more extensive disposition or charge than authorized by power.
43-11-54      Time during which right of alienation suspended by instrument in execution of power.
43-11-55      Conditions existing at the time of the creation of a power determine legality.
43-11-56      Discretionary power of trustee as to distribution of estate or fund.
43-11-57      Disposition under power to several persons--Allotment in equal proportions.
43-11-58      Death of trustee of a power with right of selection--Execution of power for benefit equally of all designated persons.
43-11-59      Fraud in instruments in execution of a power.
43-11-60      Valid execution of instrument without reference to power.
43-11-61      Defective execution of power--Proper execution adjudged in favor of beneficiaries.
43-11-62      Defective execution of power--Relief of purchasers for a valuable consideration.
43-11-63      Failure to designate person to execute power in trust created by will--Execution by circuit court.
43-11-64      Misconduct of trustee--Removal by circuit court--Law governing.



43-12 REAL PROPERTY COVENANTS
CHAPTER 43-12

REAL PROPERTY COVENANTS

43-12-1      Covenants running with land defined.
43-12-2      Classification of covenants running with land.
43-12-3      Parties bound by covenants running with land.
43-12-4      Covenants running with land--Limitation to certain assigns.
43-12-5      Liability for breach of covenant running with land.
43-12-6      Apportionment of burden or benefit of covenant running with land between several titles.



CHAPTER 43-13

EASEMENTS AND SERVITUDES

43-13-1    Granting and holding of servitudes not attached to land.

43-13-2    Easements--Definition--Classification.

43-13-3    Definition of terms--Dominant tenement--Servient tenement.

43-13-4    Creation of servitude--Vested estate in servient tenement necessary.

43-13-5    Extent of servitude--Determination.

43-13-6    Owner of servient tenement cannot hold servitude--Extinguishment of servitude.

43-13-7    Effect of partition of dominant tenement--Apportionment of burden--Limitation.

43-13-8    Use of easements by owner of future estate in dominant tenement.

43-13-9    Owner or occupant of dominant tenement--Right to enforce easement.

43-13-10    Owner in fee of servient tenement--Action for possession of land--Public servitude.

43-13-11    Destruction of servient tenement extinguishes servitude.

43-13-12    Performance of act incompatible with nature or exercise of easement--Extinguishment of servitude.

43-13-13    Servitude acquired by enjoyment extinguished by disuse for prescribed period.

43-13-14    43-13-14, 43-13-15. Repealed by SL 1992, ch 309, §§ 1, 2

43-13-16    Wind easement defined.

43-13-16.1    Solar easement defined.

43-13-17    Granting of wind or solar easements--Recording--Maximum term--Development of energy potential required--Encumbrances.

43-13-18    Contents of wind or solar easement instruments.

43-13-19    Severance of wind or solar energy rights limited.

43-13-20    Holder of wind or solar easement, lease, or easement for essential services to accommodate reasonable development of another holder--Exception.

43-13-20.1    Extension of wind development period--Filing of affidavit.

43-13-20.2    Development of potential to produce energy from wind power or solar power.

43-13-20.3    Additional contents of wind or solar easement documents.

43-13-20.4    Waiting period for execution of wind or solar easement or lease.

43-13-20.5    Confidentiality agreements.

43-13-21    Small wind energy system defined.

43-13-22    Large wind energy system defined.

43-13-23    Small wind energy system set back requirement--Exception.

43-13-24    Large wind energy system set back requirement--Exception.

43-13-25    Enforcement of farm tap easements.

43-13-26    Carbon pipeline easement--Definitions.

43-13-27    Carbon pipeline easement--Grant--Recording--Term--Deadline for use--Attachment--Encumbrance--Expiration for nonuse.



CHAPTER 43-13A

CARBON PIPELINE EASEMENTS

43-13A-1    Rejected by referendum.

43-13A-2    Rejected by referendum.



43-14 RIGHTS OF OCCUPANTS AND SETTLERS
CHAPTER 43-14

RIGHTS OF OCCUPANTS AND SETTLERS

43-14-1      Occupancy conferring title--Exceptions.
43-14-2      Title by prescription--Occupancy for period prescribed by law.
43-14-3      Settler upon public lands of United States--Actions for injuries to and for recovery of possession of land.



43-15 VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL PROPERTY REGIMES [REPEALED]
CHAPTER 43-15

VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL PROPERTY REGIMES [REPEALED]

[Repealed by SL 1980, ch 294, §§ 1 to 19]



43-15A CONDOMINIUMS
CHAPTER 43-15A

CONDOMINIUMS

43-15A-1      Definition of terms.
43-15A-2      Estates subject to chapter.
43-15A-3      Establishment of condominium project--Master deed or lease.
43-15A-4      Particulars required in master deed or lease.
43-15A-5      Common areas defined.
43-15A-6      Joint or common ownership.
43-15A-7      Exclusive and common rights of owners.
43-15A-8      Recording of transfers and encumbrances of individual units.
43-15A-9      Recording of master deeds and leases--Tax inapplicable to original recordation.
43-15A-10      Notice of intent to sell domestic condominium--Contract voidable if notice not given.
43-15A-11      Fee to accompany notice of intent--Questionnaire--Form and content.
43-15A-12      Inspection of condominium project.
43-15A-13      Waiver of initial inspection.
43-15A-14      Filing fee and inspection expenses to accompany notice of intent--Payment to inspector.
43-15A-15      Deposit and expenditure of fees.
43-15A-16      Public report of examination findings--Status of report.
43-15A-17      Commission report required before offer to sell or taking reservations to purchase.
43-15A-18      Supplementary report on investigations made after final or substitute report issued--True copy to purchasers.
43-15A-19      Copy of reports issued to prospective purchaser before binding contract for sale--Time to read copy--Receipt.
43-15A-20      True copies to be exact reproductions of commission's reports.
43-15A-21      Receipts kept by developer--Inspection--Duration.
43-15A-22      Material change in offering prohibited without written notice.
43-15A-23      Deposits held in escrow until delivery of deed.
43-15A-24      Management or recreation facility contract period limited--Subsequent contracts by council of co-owners.
43-15A-25      False statement, fraud, or violation of provisions as misdemeanor.
43-15A-26      Investigation of developer suspected of violations--Examination of books--Developers to keep records available.
43-15A-27      Repealed.
43-15A-28      Validation of previously established vertical and horizontal property regimes and condominiums--Deadline for enforcing rights--Notice of pendency.
43-15A-29      Lien for erection, repair, or improvement of a single development--Apportionment of liens.
43-15A-30      Promulgation of rules to administer and enforce chapter.



CHAPTER 43-15B

TIME-SHARE ESTATES

43-15B-1    "Time-share" defined.

43-15B-2    Restrictions on sales.

43-15B-3    Registration of projects.

43-15B-4    Fee for registration.

43-15B-5    Inspection fee.

43-15B-6    Rules.

43-15B-7    Sale of unregistered project prohibited--Exception--Issuance of restricted licenses.

43-15B-8    Forfeited registration--Restoration--Fee.

43-15B-9    Applicants and licensees under disciplinary investigation--Criminal background check.



43-16 LAND BOUNDARIES, MONUMENTS AND SUBSURFACE RIGHTS
CHAPTER 43-16

LAND BOUNDARIES, MONUMENTS AND SUBSURFACE RIGHTS

43-16-1      Owner of land in fee, right to surface and things beneath or above it.
43-16-2      Coterminous owner--Right to lateral and subjacent support.
43-16-3      Land bounded by road or street--Scope of ownership.
43-16-4      Ownership of tree on land determined by the location of its trunk.
43-16-5      Boundaries and monuments--Maintenance by coterminous owners.
43-16-6      Monument designating point in boundary--Malicious removal as misdemeanor.
43-16-7      Defacing or altering boundary marker as misdemeanor.
43-16-8      Malicious removal of tree used as boundary marker as misdemeanor.



43-17 WATER BOUNDARIES AND RIPARIAN LANDS
CHAPTER 43-17

WATER BOUNDARIES AND RIPARIAN LANDS

43-17-1      Land below ordinary high-water mark of navigable lake or stream--Law governing ownership.
43-17-2      Upland owner taking to edge of navigable lake or stream at low-water mark--Exception--Navigable rivers and lakes as public highways.
43-17-3      Lands forming in bed of navigable stream or meandered lake belong to state--Exception.
43-17-4      Opposite banks of nonnavigable stream belonging to different persons--Stream and bed common to both.
43-17-5      Accretions to bank of river or stream belong to owner of bank subject to existing right-of-way.
43-17-6      Surveying and subdividing accretion lands--Permanency of uncontested boundaries.
43-17-7      Notice of survey of accretion lands--Consent of interested parties necessary.
43-17-8      Plat of accretion lands by surveyor--Contents--Recording.
43-17-9      Attaching of additional land--Substitution of outer boundary of surveyed accretion land--Apportionment of new accreted land--Determination of boundary line.
43-17-10      Title to land by avulsion--Reclamation by original owner of part of land carried away.
43-17-11      Stream forming new course--Abandonment of ancient stream bed--Owners of newly occupied land take ancient stream bed proportionately.
43-17-12      New arm of stream--Island formed by division belongs to owner of shore.
43-17-13      Ownership of island or accumulation of land in nonnavigable stream.
43-17-14      Land acquired by reliction--Apportionment and division--Preparation, contents and recording of survey.
43-17-15      Failure or neglect of owners of land acquired by reliction to plat land--Enforcement action by municipal officials.
43-17-16      Action to enforce survey of land acquired by reliction--Determination of ownership--Appointment of commissioners to divide and survey relicted lands.
43-17-17      Plat and survey of relicted lands by commissioners--Report in writing--Filing with clerk of courts.
43-17-18      Report and survey of relicted lands by commissioners--Adoption or modification by circuit court--Filing of certified copy of judgment--New trial and appeal.
43-17-19      Costs of action to enforce plat and survey of relicted lands.
43-17-20      Establishment of water marks on lakes--Definition of terms.
43-17-21      Water Management Board to establish and mark high and low water marks on public lakes--Change on change in natural conditions.
43-17-22      Repealed.
43-17-23      Natural factors given precedence in water marks--When man-made influences considered.
43-17-24      Investigation of site where water mark to be established--Consultation with other agencies--Public hearings.
43-17-24.1      Notice of public hearings on water marks.
43-17-24.2      Prior decisions on water marks validated--Rights barred by no action.
43-17-25      Reconsideration of water marks established by board--Final unless appealed to courts.
43-17-26      Ownership and rights of use unaffected.
43-17-27      Marks previously determined not affected--Effect on pending proceedings for determination.
43-17-28      Persons who may request board determination--Jurisdiction of courts.


43-17-29      Public rights in lake above high water mark.
43-17-30      Powers of Department of Game, Fish and Parks.
43-17-31      Landowner's right to deny public access to taxable property--Department to clearly mark certain inundated property--Exception.
43-17-32      Landowner's right to deny state agency use of taxable property--Conditions for public access--Exceptions.
43-17-33      Public access to private lands pursuant to § 43-17-32--Identification of affected property by state agency.
43-17-34      Navigable defined--Application of sections.
43-17-35      Fencing certain land on both sides of navigable stream permitted--Violation as misdemeanor.
43-17-36      Promulgation of rules for safe use of stream.
43-17-37      Repealed.
43-17-38      Gate or opening required in fence constructed across certain streams--Federally-navigable rivers--Public access--Violation as misdemeanor.
43-17-39      Repealed.
43-17-40      Responsibility for construction and maintenance of gate or opening.
43-17-41      Liability for damage from fencing on both sides of navigable streams.



43-18 LAND SURVEYS
CHAPTER 43-18

LAND SURVEYS

43-18-1      Registered surveyor required to make survey or subdivision.
43-18-2      Licensed engineers, architects, and surveyors may administer oaths to assistants.
43-18-3      Disturbance of monument erected by coast and geodetic survey or geological survey as misdemeanor.
43-18-4      Disturbance of survey corners as petty offense.
43-18-5      Restoration, relocation, or referencing of survey corner.
43-18-6      Resurvey and subdivision of lands--Law governing.
43-18-7      Original boundaries and monuments--Use in resurveys.
43-18-8      Survey of lines or monuments in dispute--Disinterested persons as chainmen.
43-18-9      Record of field notes and plats--Matters required to be shown.
43-18-10      Repealed.
43-18-11      Affidavit describing and correcting an error or omission in recorded plat--Filing--Restriction--Approval.



43-19 TOWNSHIP SURVEYS AND LANDMARKS
CHAPTER 43-19

TOWNSHIP SURVEYS AND LANDMARKS

43-19-1      Erection of permanent landmarks by organized township--Monuments of durable material--Size and characteristics--Placement under contract.
43-19-2      Unidentified section corners upon public highways--Location by township board of supervisors.
43-19-3      Bond of surveyor contracting to erect permanent landmarks for organized township.
43-19-4      Manner of setting permanent landmarks--Reestablishment of section corners--Certificate of survey.
43-19-5      Minutes of survey--Bearings and distances between monuments--Recording.
43-19-6      Tax levy for erection of permanent landmarks by organized township.
43-19-7      Petition in unorganized township to establish permanent landmarks--Filed with county commissioners--Consent to tax levy for payment of costs of survey--Notice and hearing.
43-19-8      Hearing on petition in unorganized township to establish permanent landmarks--Order of board of county commissioners.
43-19-9      Appeal from order granting petition to establish permanent landmarks--Stay of proceedings.
43-19-10      Monuments for landmarks in unorganized township--Procurement by board of county commissioners--Contract for survey and erection.
43-19-11      Bond of surveyor contracting to erect landmarks in unorganized township.
43-19-12      Survey for erection of landmarks in unorganized township--Certificate--Recording.
43-19-13      Levy of taxes for erection of landmarks in unorganized township.
43-19-14      Tax levy for erection of landmarks in unorganized territory where petition was granted by board of county commissioners after time of making annual tax levy.
43-19-15      Landmarks set at originally established section corners--Presumption.
43-19-16      Change of section corner established by United States survey unauthorized.



43-20 PERPETUATION OF SURVEY CORNERS
CHAPTER 43-20

PERPETUATION OF SURVEY CORNERS

43-20-1      Purpose of chapter.
43-20-2      Definition of terms.
43-20-3      Record of corner establishment or restoration--Execution and filing.
43-20-4      Corner records which may be filed.
43-20-5      Survey corner required to be filed under chapter--Reconstruction of monument of corner.
43-20-6      Corners established or restored before July 1, 1967--Records may be filed.
43-20-7      Promulgation of rules.
43-20-8      Signatures required for filing of corner record.
43-20-9      Filing in accordance with chapter required.
43-20-10      Corner record--Filing fee.
43-20-11      Filing fees--Exemption of surveys by United States.
43-20-12      Completed corner record--Preservation in hardbound book--Numbering and indexing.
43-20-13      Inspection of corner records.
43-20-14      Citation of chapter.



43-21 SURVEY AND RECORDING OF PLATS
CHAPTER 43-21

SURVEY AND RECORDING OF PLATS

43-21-1      Necessity for platting subdivision or tract of land into lots--Survey of lands--Recording of plat--Inapplicability to certain parcels being transferred to or from South Dakota Building Authority.
43-21-2      Refusal or neglect to comply with law requiring plat and survey--Auditor to make and record plat.
43-21-3      Cost of platting, surveying, and recording when made by auditor--Payment by county--Added to tax upon tract of land.
43-21-4      Description of property in accordance with certified and recorded plat valid.
43-21-4.1      Recording real property described by metes and bounds.
43-21-5      Plats of federal, state, county, and municipality property--Recording--Exemption from law pertaining to filing of private plats for record--Use for descriptive purposes.
43-21-6      Plats of governmental acquisitions filed with director of equalization.



CHAPTER 43-22

SOUTH DAKOTA COORDINATE SYSTEM

43-22-1    Designation of South Dakota state plane coordinate system.

43-22-2    Division of state into zones for purpose of system.

43-22-3    Repealed.

43-22-4. Repealed    

43-22-4    Counties included in south zone.

43-22-5    Zone designations.

43-22-6    Definition of system.

43-22-7    43-22-7. Repealed by SL 1988, ch 349, § 5

43-22-8    Plane coordinate values--X and Easting--Y and Northing--Definitions.

43-22-9    Recordation of land description based on coordinate system--Limitation.

43-22-10    Use of terms on maps, reports of survey, or other documents--Limitation.

43-22-11    Description of land located in more than one zone.

43-22-12    43-22-12. Repealed by SL 1988, ch 349, § 10

43-22-12.1    Description of location on system of plane coordinates.

43-22-13    Purchaser, mortgagee, or insurer not required to rely on description which depends exclusively upon coordinate system.

43-22-14. Repealed    

43-22-14    Limitation on use of South Dakota coordinate system of 1927.

43-22-15    Application of geodetic reference networks.



43-23 PARTITION FENCES
CHAPTER 43-23

PARTITION FENCES

43-23-1      Erection and maintenance of partition fence--Liability of owners of adjoining land.
43-23-2      Duty of adjoining owner of land to build half of partition fence.
43-23-3      Fence agreed to by owners of adjoining land is legal fence.
43-23-4      Description and specifications for legal partition fence--Wire spacing.
43-23-4.1      Legal fences for buffalo.
43-23-5      Neglect or refusal to erect and maintain half of legal fence--Enforcement by adjoining landowner--Service of notice and demand.
43-23-6      Aggrieved owner of adjoining land--Erection or repair of fence after notice and demand on delinquent owner--Recovery of costs and damages.
43-23-7      Erection of partition fence not required when earth is frozen.
43-23-8      Judgment for construction or repair of partition fence is lien upon land of delinquent owner.
43-23-9      Removal of partition fence restricted to repair or construction of new fence.
43-23-9.1      Privileges and obligations of persons in physical possession--Contract with owner--Rights and liabilities of parties absent contract.
43-23-10      Opening or injuring fence or gate as misdemeanor.



43-24 LOCAL OPTION WOVEN-WIRE FENCES
CHAPTER 43-24

LOCAL OPTION WOVEN-WIRE FENCES

43-24-1      Townships covered by chapter--Assessed value of farmland--Petition for township election to make chapter applicable--Form of ballot--Effect of majority vote.
43-24-2      Adoption of chapter by civil township supersedes partition fence law.
43-24-3      Owners of adjoining land--Liability for expenses of erecting and maintaining local option partition fence.
43-24-4      Duty of owner of adjoining land to build half of local option partition fence.
43-24-5      Fence upon which owners of adjoining lands agree is a legal fence.
43-24-6      Legal local option partition fence--Disagreement of owners of adjoining lands as to sort of fence--Definition.
43-24-7      Neglect or refusal to erect half of local option partition fence--Enforcement by adjoining landowner--Service of notice and demand.
43-24-8      Aggrieved owner of adjoining land--Erection or repair of local option fence after notice and demand on delinquent owner--Recovery of costs and damages.
43-24-9      Erection of local option partition fence not required when earth is frozen.
43-24-10      Judgment for construction or repair of local option partition fence is lien upon land of delinquent owner.



43-25 DEEDS AND CONVEYANCES
CHAPTER 43-25

DEEDS AND CONVEYANCES

43-25-1      Requisites for transfer of certain estates.
43-25-2      Conveyance of interest in property by owner out of possession.
43-25-3      Conclusiveness of grant of estate in real property--Exception.
43-25-4      Words of inheritance or succession not required to transfer fee in real property.
43-25-5      Warranty deed--Standard form.
43-25-6      Implied covenants and warranties in deed.
43-25-7      Quitclaim deed--Standard form.
43-25-8      Right, title, and interest conveyed by quitclaim deed--After-acquired title.
43-25-9      Other forms of deeds unaffected by standard forms of warranty and quitclaim deeds.
43-25-10      Use of word "grant" in conveyance--Implied covenants, action to enforce.
43-25-11      Use of words "remise," "release," or "quitclaim" in conveyance--Implied covenants.
43-25-12      Prior unrecorded conveyance--Rights of purchaser in good faith.
43-25-13      Lineal and collateral warranties abolished--Exception.
43-25-14      Heirs and devisees answerable for covenant or agreement with reference to land received by descent or devise.
43-25-15      Presumption as to passing of fee simple title--Exception.
43-25-16      Condition precedent in grant of real property--Performance necessary to pass estate.
43-25-17      Subsequently acquired title passes by operation of law.
43-25-18      Grant made on condition subsequent defeated by nonperformance of condition.
43-25-18.1      Action describing land and conditions of conveyance--Statement of changed conditions which make it impossible or impractical to hold lands for public purpose.
43-25-18.2      Commencement and prosecution of action--Limitation.
43-25-18.3      Hearing--Sale of lands and reinvestment in other lands on court finding allegations are true.
43-25-18.4      Title in fee simple free of conditions to purchaser of land.
43-25-18.5      Court authorized to place conditions on sale proceeds.
43-25-18.6      Inapplicability of provisions to severed mineral interests.
43-25-19      Encumbrances defined.
43-25-20      Corporate deeds and mortgages--Execution, assignment, and release by officers of corporation--Acknowledgment.
43-25-21      Corporate seal or acknowledgment as prima facie evidence of executing officer's authorization.
43-25-22      Mortgage or conveyance of real estate by unincorporated association--Adoption of resolution, notice--Execution of instrument.
43-25-23      Recording of proceedings authorizing sale or mortgage of real estate by unincorporated association.
43-25-24      Conveyances by unincorporated association prior to 1979 validated--Presumption as to legal capacity--Vested rights protected.
43-25-25      Grant not invalidated by absence of seal of grantor or his agent.
43-25-26      Recording of grant of estate in real property--Acknowledgment or proof by subscribing witness required.
43-25-27      Unrecorded instrument showing title to real property--Ownership--Passing with title.
43-25-28      Attornments of tenants unnecessary to grants of rents, reversions, or remainders.
43-25-29      Title passed by transfer of land bounded by highway.
43-25-30      Easements passed by transfer of real property to which they are attached.
43-25-31      Conveyances by owner for life or for years.
43-25-32      Reservation of power to revoke or modify instrument affecting estate in real property--Subsequent grant revokes original instrument.
43-25-33      Execution of power to revoke or modify instrument affecting estate in real property.
43-25-34      Instrument other than will affecting estate in real property--Effect of fraud.
43-25-35      Fraud does not avoid instrument affecting estate in real property in favor of subsequent purchaser or encumbrancer with notice--Exception.
43-25-36      Rights of good faith purchaser or encumbrancer protected against fraud.



43-26 REAL ESTATE SALE CONTRACTS
CHAPTER 43-26

REAL ESTATE SALE CONTRACTS

43-26-1      Agreement to sell real property binds seller.
43-26-2      Agreement by seller of real property to give usual covenants--Delivery and form of warranty deed.
43-26-3      Substance of usual covenants under agreement to sell real property where standard form of deed not delivered.
43-26-4      Agreement of joint tenants to sell real property--Joint tenancy interest not destroyed--Exception.
43-26-5      Rights and duties of parties as to risk of loss under contract.
43-26-6      Subject matter of contract for purchase and sale of realty not transferred--Destruction without fault of purchaser--Taking by eminent domain--Contract unenforceable--Recovery of purchase price.
43-26-7      Transfer of subject matter of contract for purchase and sale of realty--Destruction without fault of vendor--Taking by eminent domain--Payment of purchase price.
43-26-8      Interpretation and construction of risk of loss provisions.
43-26-9      Prepayment privilege implied in real estate contract.



43-27 NAMES OF FARMS, RANCHES AND HOMES
CHAPTER 43-27

NAMES OF FARMS, RANCHES AND HOMES

43-27-1      Registration and recording of name of farm, ranch, or home--Fee--Certification of name and location by secretary of state.
43-27-2      Repealed.
43-27-3      Transaction of business by reference to name of farm, ranch, or home.
43-27-4      Exclusive right to use recorded name of farm, ranch, or home.



43-28 RECORDING OF INSTRUMENTS
CHAPTER 43-28

RECORDING OF INSTRUMENTS

43-28-1      Recording of instruments affecting real estate with register of deeds.
43-28-2      Instruments which may be recorded without acknowledgment or further proof.
43-28-3      Instruments recorded without acknowledgment or further proof--Use of certified copies as evidence.
43-28-4      Recording of affidavits, orders, appointments, minutes of meetings, and proceedings in bankruptcy to correct instruments affecting title to real property--Use as evidence.
43-28-4.1      Affidavits stating facts relating identity of a party recorded.
43-28-5      Presumption that execution of certificate attached to copy of instrument eligible for record was made by authorized officer.
43-28-6      Prior recording of instruments validated--Rights barred by no action.
43-28-7      Authorities without state have no jurisdiction of real property within state.
43-28-8      Instruments which must be acknowledged or proved before record--Certification.
43-28-9      Acknowledgment of instrument by married woman.
43-28-10      Recording of instrument proved and certified by handwriting.
43-28-10.1 to 43-28-10.6.      Repealed.
43-28-11      Deposit of acknowledged or proved and certified instrument for record as recording--Endorsement of amount of fee.
43-28-12      Separate recording of absolute grants and mortgages.
43-28-13      Law governing execution, acknowledgment, proof, form, or record of conveyance made before 1939.
43-28-14      Validity of unrecorded instrument.
43-28-15      Constructive notice of execution of instrument affecting real property to purchasers or encumbrancers subsequent to recording.
43-28-16      Notice imparted by instruments defectively executed or acknowledged or describing unplatted property prior to December 31, 1988--Rights of purchasers or encumbrancers.
43-28-17      Priority of first recorded conveyance of real property--Conveyance defined.
43-28-18      Recording of instrument containing power affecting real property--Instrument of revocation must be recorded in the same office.
43-28-19      Recitals as to marital status, homestead status, or identity of parties in instruments affecting title to real property--Evidentiary effect.
43-28-20      Record of death of person deceased twelve years or more as evidence of death and date of death--Requirements and effect of recording.
43-28-21      Mailing address of grantee required for recording real estate conveyance.
43-28-22      Real estate conveyance by fiduciary construed as made for purposes of administration--Time limit to enforce rights to property in trust, estate, or guardianship.
43-28-23      Format standards for real estate documents recorded with the register of deeds.
43-28-24      Definitions related to identity information.
43-28-25      Document preparers prohibited from including personally identifiable information.
43-28-26      Certain documents exempt.
43-28-27      Register of deeds to post notice.
43-28-28      Noncomplying documents not rejected for recording.



43-29 TITLE DEFECTS CURED BY LAPSE OF TIME
CHAPTER 43-29

TITLE DEFECTS CURED BY LAPSE OF TIME

43-29-1      Title to real property unaffected by notice of pendency of action recorded after expiration of ten years from date of filing.
43-29-2      Mortgage or other lien upon real property discharged by record showing sale of property on foreclosure.
43-29-3      Acknowledgment of instrument affecting title to real property not subject to attack after expiration of ten years from date of filing.
43-29-4      Instruments affecting title to real property recorded for ten years or more--Variance in names--Presumptions.
43-29-5      Judgment or decree affecting title to real property conclusive after twenty years from date of entry--Supporting proceedings deemed legally taken.
43-29-6      Curative provisions applicable to previously recorded instruments--Inapplicable to pending actions.
43-29-7      Defect or omission in record respecting title to real estate existing for more than ten years--Correction unnecessary in order to make title marketable.
43-29-8      Defect or omission in record respecting title to real estate existing for more than twenty years--Performance of acts to correct record unnecessary in order to make title merchantable or marketable.
43-29-9      "Record" as used in marketable title provisions construed.
43-29-10      Municipal lot platted more than twenty years--Judgment or decree prior to platting--Abstract of title not required to show proceedings supporting judgment or decree.



APPENDIX TO CHAPTER 43-30

STATE BAR OF SOUTH DAKOTA

2023 TITLE STANDARDS

Introduction

Citation

Section

A-01. Examining attorney's attitude.

A-02. Abstracter's certificate, liability on.

A-03. Recertification.

1-01. Tribal lands.

2-01. Contracts for deed--deed to vendee.

2-02. Contract for deed--merger.

2-03. Contract for deed--conveyances of interests.

2-04. Contract for deed--transfers by vendor.

2-05. Contract for deed--vendee's interest.

2-06. Contract for deed--effect on joint tenancy.

2-07. Contract for deed--cancellation.

2-08. Contract for deed--deeds held in escrow.

3-01. Leases--limitations on lease term.

3-02. Leases--notice of renewal.

4-01. Effect of judgment on joint tenancy property.

4-02. Conveyances to two or more individuals--inclusion of business name.

4-03. Homestead rights--effect of partnership on.

4-04. Conveyances by partnership.

4-05. Conveyances to and by partners.

4-06. Conveyances by partnership--when proof of authority not required.

4-07. Conveyances of partnership interest after death of partner.

4-08. Partnership--effect of dissolution or cessation of business.

4-09. Partnership--effect of judgments.

4-10. Deed divests present title of all grantors.

4-11. Partnership--duration presumed.

5-01. Affidavit of marital status.

5-02. Indication of marital status.

5-03. Recitation of marital status.

5-04. Failure to include marital status.

5-05. Recitals of record.

5-06. Execution by spouse under power of attorney.

5-07. Deed of homestead.

5-08. Rule of idem sonans.

5-09. Use or nonuse of middle names or initials.

5-10. Abbreviations.

5-11. Name variations.

5-12. Effect of prefix, suffix and descriptio personae.

5-13. Statement indicating identity.

5-14. Variance in name of grantors.

5-15. Variance between signature or body of deed and acknowledgment.

5-16. Deceased persons.

5-17. Conveyance--fictitious persons.

5-18. Powers of attorney.

5-19. Durable power of attorney.

5-20. Grant of power of attorney.

5-21. Recording power of attorney.

5-22. Conveyances under authority of power of attorney.

5-23. Designation of "trustee".

5-24. Trust conveyances--curative statute.

5-25. Property in trust.

5-26. Discrepancy in corporate name.

5-27. Corporate deed.

5-28. Corporate existence.

5-29. Ultra vires not assumed.

5-30. Corporate acknowledgments.

5-31. Conveyances to or from unincorporated associations.

5-32. Authority of unincorporated associations.

5-33. Conveyance--limited liability company, authority presumed.

5-34. Execution--corporate or limited liability company.

5-35. Political subdivisions--no specific standard.

6-01. Delivery, delay in recordation.

6-02. Forms of acknowledgement.

6-03. Date of acknowledgement.

6-04. Notary act presumed valid.

6-05. Expired notary.

6-06. Notary seal.

6-07. Lis pendens--effect of judgment.

6-08. Statute of limitations--lis pendens.

7-01. Signatures by mark.

7-02. Alternative grantees.

7-03. Strangers to title.

7-04. Quit claim--after acquired title.

7-05. Deeds--after acquired title.

7-06. Marketable title acts.

7-07. Affidavit of possession to be recorded--affiant.

7-08. Affidavit of possession as basis for creating marketable title under tax deed.

7-09. Use of affidavits.

7-10. Contents of affidavit--interest of maker.

7-11. Corrective instruments.

7-12. Instruments which are altered and re-recorded.

3. Conveyances--farm credit--right of first refusal.

8-01. Ownership of water.

8-02. Accretion, reliction, erosion and avulsion.

8-03. High-water mark boundaries.

8-04. Road and street as boundaries.

8-05. Vacated highway, street, alley or public right of way.

8-05.1. Effect of abandonment of public use easement by South Dakota Department of Transportation or county commission.

8-06. Conveyances to state for highway purposes.

8-06.1. Rights of way in state trunk highway system acquired prior to 1939.

8-07. Dedication of streets, etc.

8-08. Mineral ownership--notation.

8-09. Severance of minerals--notation.

8-10. Conveyances of royalties and minerals.

8-11. Oil and gas leases--contingent future interests.

8-12. Leases--oil--gas.

9-01. Easements as encumbrances.

9-02. Rights-of-way as encumbrances.

9-03. Conveyances--effect of reservations or exceptions.

9-04. Railroads.

9-05. Wind or solar energy easements.

9-06. Wind or solar energy rights--limitation on severance.

9-07. Wind or solar energy easement--mortgage by holder.

10-01. Covenants, conditions and restrictions defined.

10-02. Covenants, conditions & restrictions are generally deemed to run with the land.

10-03. General plan restrictions--subdivision of tracts.

10-04. Revocation of declaration or contract--execution by successor in interest.

10-05. Expiration of covenants, conditions and restrictions.

10-06. Validity of restrictions.

10-07. Restrictions in derogation of existing law.

11-01. Medical assistance lien.

11-02. Child support liens.

11-03. Tax lien--county.

11-04. Poor relief lien.

11-05. Claims under federal laws.

11-06. Tax Lien--State or Federal.

12-01. Judgments--lapse.

12-02. Divorce--judgment affecting defendant's title.

12-03. Divorce--sufficiency of judgment.

12-04. Notice of levy.

12-05. Real property abandoned by bankruptcy trustee.

12-06. Real property claimed as exempt by debtor.

12-07. Real property sold free and clear of any interest in course of bankruptcy proceedings.

12-08. Bankruptcy lien avoidance.

12-09. Bankruptcy discharge.

13-01. Mechanic's lien.

13-02. Mechanic and materialmen's lien.

14-01. Mortgages.

14-02. Reference to nonrecorded mortgage.

14-03. Mortgages--release or assignment.

14-04. Mortgages--statute of limitations.

14-05. Satisfaction by one of plural mortgagees.

14-06. Release of mortgage by other than mortgagee.

14-07. Release--assignment of rents.

14-08. Defect in satisfaction of mortgage.

14-09. Deeds--unsatisfied mortgage.

14-10. Mortgage--merger of title.

14-11. Foreclosure of mortgage by action.

14-12. Foreclosure by advertisement.

15-01. Probate and Estate Administration--chain of title.

15-02. Executor's deed.

15-03. Conveyances made under Uniform Probate Code.

15-04. Chain of title--probate.

15-05. Authority of personal representative.

15-06. Deed of distribution.

15-07. Delayed probate or administration.

15-08. South Dakota inheritance tax liens.

15-09. Termination of a life estate or the interest of a life tenant.

15-10. Probate--existence of federal lien.

15-11. Authority of successor fiduciary.

15-12. Term of authority for fiduciary.

15-13. Acts authorized by personal representative or conservator.

15-14. Guardian's deeds.

15-15. Conservator's deeds.

15-16. Authority of conservator.

15-17. Foreign personal representative.

15-18. Guardian and conservator.

15-19. Omitted real estate or faulty description of closed estate.

16-01. Omission and inconsistency of dates.

16-02. Effect of curative acts.

16-03. Condominiums.

17-01. Requirements for transfer on death deed.

17-02. Revocation of transfer on death deed.

17-03. Limitations on liability of beneficiary of transfer on death deed.

17-04. Impact of transfer on death deed at transferor's death.

17-05. Joint owners making a transfer on death deed.

17-06. Transfer on death deed beneficiary's liability for debts and obligations.

17-07. The making or modification of beneficiary of transfer on death deed by agent.

17-08. Affidavit of confirmation after transfer on death deed.

19-01. Metes and bounds.

19-02. Legal description from survey or plat.

19-03. Platting.

19-04. Plats--designation or variations in addition or subdivision name.

19-05. Plats, effect of joinders in.

19-06. Plats, vacation before lots sold.

19-07. Plats, vacation after lots sold.

19-08. Discrepancy in survey.

19-09. Plats, effect of replat on rights in the public and easements.

23-01. Marketable record title--statute of limitations.

23-02. Title by patent.

23-03. Validity of patent under General Allotment Act.

23-04. Financial institution name change or successor.

26-01. Tax title.

26-02. Effect of tax deed.

INTRODUCTION

The State Bar of South Dakota Title Standards are the work of the Real Property, Probate and Trust Section's Title Standards Committee. The Standards themselves are not the authority. Rather, they are in some sense a restatement of the law designed to aid the practitioner in determining the current status of practice in a particular area.

The Standards are based on existing South Dakota statutes and case law from South Dakota's courts and other relevant jurisdictions. The committee members' experience with the relevant authorities is crucial to drafting Standards.

The 2002 Standards are in part based on the Model Title Standards, existing South Dakota Title Standards and various Title Standards from other jurisdictions, predominantly North Dakota and Nebraska. The Title Standards Committee has discovered that to be most useful the Title Standards must keep pace with the ever-evolving landscape of the law. The ideal way to achieve this goal is through a standing Title Standards Committee charged with an on-going review of statutory and case law whose members are familiar with the dynamics of practice, enabling them to draft and revise Standards as necessary. In 2021, the Title Standards Committee was tasked with reviewing and updating the 2002 Standards. It is anticipated that additional review and updates will be needed going forward.

CITATION

These Title Standards may be cited as 2023 South Dakota Title Standards referencing the appropriate Standard number. The citation may be abbreviated 2023 SDTS.

A-01. Examining attorney's attitude.

The purpose of the examination of title and of objections, if any, shall be to secure for the examiner's client a title which is in fact marketable and which is shown by the record to be marketable, subject to no other encumbrances than those expressly provided for by the client's contract. Objections and requirements should be made only when the irregularities or defects reasonably can be expected to expose the purchaser or lender to the hazard of adverse claims or litigation.

When an examiner finds a situation which he believes creates a question as to marketable title and has knowledge that another attorney handled the questionable proceeding or has passed the title as marketable, the examining attorney before writing an opinion, should communicate, if feasible, with the other attorney and afford an opportunity for discussion.

A-02. Abstracter's certificate, liability on.

Under SDCL , the conditions of an abstracter's bond are for the payment by such abstracter of all damages which may be sustained by or accrue to any person (whether the original purchaser, owner or holder of the abstract) by reason of error deficiency, mistake in any abstract or certificate of title. In view of this statutory provision, such certificate may be construed as extending the protection and liability to the public generally.

A-03. Recertification.

The examiner should accept, without recertification, prior entries in an abstract of title, provided the same were previously certified to by a qualified abstracter.

1-01. Tribal lands.

Any transaction affecting Indian trust land is subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Interior, or as otherwise prescribed by federal statute, and any transaction affecting Indian tribal land is subject to the consent of the tribe, or as otherwise provided by the tribe's constitution and federal statute.

2-01. Contracts for deed--deed to vendee.

Where there is a contract for deed in favor of A and later a deed is given to A and another party or parties, a title examiner should treat the deed as creating the estate as indicated in the deed.

2-02. Contract for deed—merger.

A deed executed in pursuance of a contract for deed supersedes and merges all prior negotiations or contracts relating to it, provided there is no fraud or mistake or collateral contractual provisions or agreements which are not intended to be merged in the deed.

2-03. Contract for deed--conveyances of interests.

The vendor and vendee under an executory contract for deed each have an interest in the real property which is capable of conveyance, and transfers of any interest must meet the statutory requisites, including words of conveyance.

2-04. Contract for deed--transfers by vendor.

A transfer by a vendor of an interest in the real property subject to a contract for deed creates an interest in the real estate in the vendee. If the transfer is in the form of a deed to the real estate, no further conveyance from the vendor is required to complete the chain of title.

2-05. Contract for deed--vendee's interest.

A vendee's interest in the real property subject to a contract for deed is an interest to which a judgment lien will attach by operation of law before fee title is conveyed to the vendee. The interest may be mortgaged or levied upon.

2-06. Contract for deed--effect on joint tenancy.

A contract for deed for the sale of real property held in joint tenancy does not have the effect of dissolving the joint tenancy relationship of the vendors if the contract for deed is executed by all the joint tenants, unless otherwise specifically provided in the instrument.

2-07. Contract for deed—cancellation.

When the record shows that a contract for deed has been cancelled by action, a title examiner need only require the recording of a certified copy of the judgment, which includes reference to the date the redemption period, if any, expires, and the recording of an affidavit or other document establishing non-redemption.

2-08. Contract for deed--deeds held in escrow.

A deed in performance of a contract for deed which has been executed and held in escrow pending performance of the contract, has been conditionally delivered to the grantee and, upon recording, is deemed effective as of the date of its execution.

3-01. Leases--limitations on lease term.

No lease of agricultural land for a longer period than twenty years is valid, and no lease of any town or city lot for a longer period than ninety-nine years is valid. An owner of a life estate cannot create a lease which will extend beyond the life estate holder's life.

3-02. Leases--notice of renewal.

In the absence of notice of renewal from possession, record, or otherwise, a title examiner may disregard a recorded lease when the term as expressed in said lease has expired. However, reference shall be made to the lease when its continuation or renewal is dependent upon a contingency that may have occurred, such as production on lands covered by an oil, gas or mineral lease.

4-01. Effect of judgment on joint tenancy property.

The mere docketing of a judgment resulting in a judgment lien on the joint tenancy property of a debtor does not alone sever the joint tenancy.

4-02. Conveyances to two or more individuals--inclusion of business name.

Property is acquired in the name of the partnership by a transfer to one or more partners in their capacity as partners in the partnership, if the name of the partnership is indicated in the instrument transferring title.

4-03. Homestead rights--effect of partnership on.

Homestead rights do not attach to the interests of a married partner in specific partnership property. A title examiner need not require any evidence of release, waiver or nonexistence of the marital rights of a partner's spouse.

4-04. Conveyances by partnership.

A conveyance of property held in the partnership name made and signed by the individual partners and not in the partnership name conveys equitable title only and a new conveyance in the partnership name must be obtained.

4-05. Conveyances to and by partners.

Any estate in real property may be acquired in the partnership name. Subject to a recorded statement of partnership authority, title so acquired can be conveyed only by an instrument executed in the partnership name by one or more partners of the partnership.

4-06. Conveyances by partnership--when proof of authority not required.

In the absence of knowledge or notification to the contrary, no affirmative proof of authority need be required of a general partner apparently carrying on in the ordinary course the partnership business or business of the kind carried on by the partnership.

4-07. Conveyances of partnership interest after death of partner.

After the death of a partner, the surviving partner or partners may convey real property owned by the partnership. After the death of the last surviving partner, the personal representative of the last surviving partner may convey the partnership property provided such conveyance is for partnership purpose.

4-08. Partnership--effect of dissolution or cessation of business.

Absent a winding up of the partnership, dissolution or cessation of business as a partnership does not change the status of partnership property as an asset of the partnership.

4-09. Partnership--effect of judgments.

A judgment against a partner does not constitute a lien on specific real property owned by the partnership.

4-10. Deed divests present title of all grantors.

A deed in which all parties to the title join conveys and releases all title presently held by the grantors regardless of the nature or character of the interest or interests held by or vested in such grantors. Accordingly, for example, it is unnecessary to refer to the grantors as "joint tenants" if they happen to be such.

4-11. Partnership--duration presumed.

A title examiner may presume that a partnership continues in existence in the absence of actual knowledge of the dissolution of the partnership.

5-01. Affidavit of marital status.

Recitals as to the marital status of parties to the instrument, or as to the homestead status of the property, or as to the identity of parties named in instruments in the chain of title, in any conveyance or other instrument affecting title to real estate in this state, which has been, or hereafter shall be, recorded in the office of the register of deeds for the county in which the land is situated, or the record of the instrument, or a certified copy of the record, shall be prima facie evidence of the truth of such recitals.

When a conveyance has been recorded and no spouse has joined therein, evidence should be required that the grantor was unmarried at the time of the execution of the conveyance or if married, that the premises conveyed did not constitute the grantor's homestead and that neither the grantor nor any member of the grantor's family reside thereon should be considered sufficient evidence.

The evidence may consist of an affidavit by any person, including the grantor or grantee or an affidavit pursuant to the Marketable Record Title Act, SDCL Ch. 43-30.

5-02. Indication of marital status.

A recital in the body of a deed or in a certificate of acknowledgement, or both, that the grantor is single, a widow, a widower, unmarried or divorced, or that the grantors are husband and wife, may be relied upon as a sufficient indication of marital status without inquiry or further notice.

5-03. Recitation of marital status.

If a deed fails to recite the marital status of the grantor or if a married grantor's spouse fails to join in the conveyance, then the deed is defective unless it is possible to determine from the record that the property is not the homestead of the grantor.

5-04. Failure to include marital status.

If the description of the marital status of the grantor has been omitted from either the body of the instrument or the certificate of acknowledgment and if the instrument has existed of record for more than twenty years with no action commenced, then it is not necessary to correct the record in order to make the title marketable.

5-05. Recitals of record.

Employment of factual recitals in conveyance is sound, liberal practice. In the absence of special circumstances creating suspicion, adequate recitals should be accepted and relied upon, for example, in overcoming an error in the given name, names or initials or a minor error in the surname of the person, as the same appears in a prior instrument.

5-06. Execution by spouse under power of attorney.

A conveyance of homestead property executed by one spouse, individually, and as attorney-in-fact for the other spouse is sufficient if the power of attorney specifically authorizes conveyance of homestead property.

A conveyance of homestead property executed by a non-spousal attorney in fact for one or both spouses is sufficient.

5-07. Deed of homestead.

A conveyance or encumbrance of a homestead by its owner, if married and both husband and wife are residents of this state, is valid if both husband and wife concur in and sign or execute such conveyance or encumbrance either by joint instrument or by separate instruments.

5-08. Rule of idem sonans.

Differently spelled names are presumed to be the same when they sound alike or when their words cannot be distinguished easily or when common usage by corruption or abbreviation has made their pronunciation identical. This rule should be liberally applied.

5-09. Use or nonuse of middle names or initials.

The use in one instrument and nonuse in another of a middle name or initial ordinarily does not create a question of identity affecting title, unless the examiner is otherwise put on inquiry.

5-10. Abbreviations.

All customary and generally accepted abbreviations of first and middle names should be recognized as their equivalents.

5-11. Name variations.

Name variations from that of the record owner appearing in mechanics' liens, easements, licenses, rights of way or court documents dealing with divorce, probate and similar documents other than mortgages or deeds may be ignored.

5-12. Effect of prefix, suffix and descriptio personae.

Prefixes such as Rev. and suffixes such as M.D. are descriptio personae forming no part of the name and may be disregarded; however, "Senior" and "Junior" and their abbreviations do have significance when both appear in connection with the same name in the chain of title.

5-13. Statement indicating identity.

A recital such as "formerly known as" may be used in overcoming variations resulting from a change of name.

A recital such as "also known as" may be used in overcoming an error in the given name, names or initials, or a minor error in the surname of a person as the same appears in a prior instrument.

5-14. Variance in name of grantors.

If the grantees in one instrument of conveyance are "John Smith and Mrs. John Smith," and the grantors in a succeeding instrument in the chain of title are "John Smith and Mary Smith," further evidence e.g. affidavit, recital, etc., should show that Mrs. John Smith is the same person as Mary Smith. The same conclusion should be reached if the grantees were "John Smith and Mary Smith," and the grantors in a succeeding instrument in the chain of title were "John Smith and Mrs. John Smith."

5-15. Variance between signature or body of deed and acknowledgment.

Where the given name or names or the initials used in a grantor's signature on a deed vary from the name as it appears in the body of the deed, but the name as given in the certificate of acknowledgment agrees with either the signature or the name in the body of the deed, the certificate of acknowledgment should be accepted as providing adequate identification.

5-16. Deceased persons.

A conveyance to a person who is deceased at the time of the conveyance is invalid.

5-17. Conveyance--fictitious persons.

A conveyance is invalid if the named grantee is a mere fictitious person. If an existing person acquires title to real estate under an assumed or fictitious name, there are specific methods for establishing record identity of the person.

5-18. Powers of attorney.

A conveyance or encumbrance executed by an attorney in fact on behalf of the principal must identify the principal in the body of the instrument. The attorney in fact must then sign the name of the principal and his or her own name as attorney in fact, although it is permissible to type the name of the principal.

5-19. Durable power of attorney.

A durable power of attorney, which contains the words "this power of attorney is not affected by subsequent disability or incapacity of the principal" or similar words showing the intent of the principal that the authority conferred is exercisable notwithstanding the subsequent disability of the principal and all acts done by an attorney in fact pursuant to a durable power of attorney during any period of disability or incapacity of the principal shall bind the principal and the principal's successors in interest as if the principal were competent and not disabled.

5-20. Grant of power of attorney.

A power of attorney or certified copy thereof must be recorded to establish the authority of an attorney in fact to act on behalf of the principal. The power of attorney must include in its grant of authority the power to sell or convey if a deed is being executed; or the power to mortgage, pledge or grant as security for loans if a mortgage is being executed. The power to sell or mortgage shall be presumed to include the authority to execute the documents related to consummating the transaction.

5-21. Recording power of attorney.

For any deed or conveyance signed by a person under a Power of Attorney, evidence must be shown of record to be in effect on date of instrument.

5-22. Conveyances under authority of power of attorney.

Except as otherwise provided herein, a general authority to convey shall grant to the attorney in fact named in the power of attorney authority to convey any interest the principal has in any property.

Further inquiry may be required if the examiner has reason to believe that the attorney-in-fact engaged in self-dealing without clear and unmistakable language authorizing self-dealing acts in the power of attorney document indicating that the attorney-in-fact is authorized to engage in self-dealing.

5-23. Designation of "trustee."

When the name of a party to an instrument is followed by "trustee" or "as trustee" or "in trust", and neither this instrument nor any other recorded instrument in the chain of title sets forth the powers of such party, or names as the beneficiary, a conveyance by such party can be approved without investigation of the power of such party to convey.

5-24. Trust conveyances--curative statute.

A curative statute validates transfers made to or by a trust prior to July 1, 2003, and construes such transfers to have been made to or by the trustee.

5-25. Property in trust.

Real property acquired in the name of a trust should be conveyed in the same manner as title was taken.

5-26. Discrepancy in corporate name.

The alternate use of "Co." for Company, "Inc." for Incorporated, "Corp." for Corporation, "LLC" for Limited Liability Company, "LLP" for Limited Liability Partnership, "PLC" for Professional Limited Liability Company, "Coop." for Cooperative, "Ltd." for Limited, "P.C." for Professional Corporation, and similar common abbreviations, the omission or inclusion of the word "The," whether or not a part of the corporate name, and the alternate use of "and" and " & " may be disregarded as immaterial unless there is evidence of record that the variation has significance.

Where a place or location preceded by "of" or "in" is a part of the title of a corporation and a variance relative thereto appears in the record, it is proper to require the execution of another instrument or an appropriate showing of identity.

5-27. Corporate deed.

The corporate seal or corporate acknowledgment of any corporation attached to a deed, mortgage, assignment of mortgage, release of mortgage or other instruments is prima face evidence that an officer was duly authorized to execute the instrument on behalf of the corporation and that the person has authority.

5-28. Corporate existence.

When an instrument of a private corporation appears in the title and the instrument is executed, acknowledged and sealed in proper form, the title examiner may assume that the corporation was legally in existence at the time the instrument took effect.

5-29. Ultra vires not assumed.

Where an instrument of a domestic or qualified foreign private corporation appears in the title, an examiner may assume that the corporation was authorized or not forbidden to acquire and sell the real property affected by instrument.

5-30. Corporate acknowledgments.

A corporate acknowledgment should not be considered void because the notary public is also an officer, director, employee or stockholder of the corporation.

5-31. Conveyances to or from unincorporated associations.

Prior to January 1, 1992, a conveyance to an unincorporated association vests title in such association. Any unincorporated association may mortgage or convey real estate so long as the resolutions and notices as required by SDCL are complied with.

5-32. Authority of unincorporated associations.

An unincorporated religious, benevolent, fraternal, charitable or educational association may mortgage or convey any real estate which is owned by such association by adopting a proper resolution authorizing such mortgage or conveyance and publication as required by statute.

5-33. Conveyance--limited liability company, authority presumed.

Any instrument duly executed and acknowledged by an authorized person of a limited liability company may be presumed to be within the authority and duly authorized by the limited liability company.

5-34. Execution--corporate or limited liability company.

A title examiner may presume the power and authority of any officer of a corporation, except a bank, if a corporate acknowledgement or corporate seal is made a part of the document. Upon review of the Articles of Organization, a title examiner may presume the power and authority of any manager of a manager-managed limited liability company or member of a member-managed limited liability company to execute and acknowledge a document affecting property, unless the Articles of Organization limit the authority.

5-35. Political subdivisions--no specific standard.

Note: The acts of any political subdivision must be tested by specific statutes governing the type of political subdivision and type of transaction. This would include organized and unorganized counties, school districts, water and sewer districts and others.

6-01. Delivery, delay in recordation.

Delivery of an instrument, acknowledged and recorded, is presumed. Delay in recordation, with or without record evidence of the intervening death of the grantor, does not dispel the presumption.

6-02. Forms of acknowledgement.

Recommended forms of certificates of acknowledgement for various situations are set forth in SDCL Chapter 18-4, and SDCL Chapter 18-5. Certificates of acknowledgment substantially following the forms recommend by either chapter are acceptable.

    Chapter 18-4’s recommendations appear in the following:

SDCL 18-4-12 – General individuals

SDCL 18-4-13 – Corporate officers

SDCL 18-4-14 – Attorneys in fact

SDCL 18-4-15 – Deputy Sheriffs.

    SDCL 18-4-29 – Remote Acknowledgement (Video)

Chapter 18-5’s recommendations appear in the following:

SDCL 18-5-8 – Individuals

SDCL 18-5-9 – Corporate officers

SDCL 18-5-10 – Attorneys in fact

SDCL 18-5-11 – Public officers and fiduciaries

SDCL 18-5-12 – Partners

The recommended forms may be adapted as appropriate for legal entities, legal representatives, or officers other than those listed.

6-03. Date of acknowledgment.

A title examiner may disregard the absence of the date of acknowledgment or an acknowledgment dated before or after the date of the instrument.

6-04. Notary act presumed valid.

A title examiner may presume that a notarial act outside of South Dakota is in accordance with the laws of that jurisdiction.

6-05. Expired notary.

Where the record of an instrument shows a notarial commission to have expired prior to the date of acknowledgment, the acknowledgment is invalid, but the record of the instrument is constructive notice, subject to the provisions of SDCL .

6-06. Notary seal.

All certificates of acknowledgment by notaries public on documents filed for record are binding, legal, and enforceable regardless of whether the notary seal is stamped or embossed.

6-07. Lis pendens--effect of judgment.

The entry of judgment in an action for which a lis pendens has been filed discharges the lis pendens.

6-08. Statute of limitations--lis pendens.

A title examiner may disregard a lis pendens of record more than ten years.

7-01. Signatures by mark.

A title examiner should not object to a signature or subscription by "mark" even though there is no witness if the instrument contains a proper certificate of acknowledgment.

7-02. Alternative grantees.

A conveyance to grantees in the alternative renders the conveyance void.

7-03. Strangers to title.

An instrument executed by a person who is a stranger to the record chain of title at the time such instrument is recorded does not make the title unmarketable, unless recently recorded, in which event some inquiry may be justified.

A title examiner should take notice of the interest of a person joining with the record owner in a contract, mortgage, lease, plat or easement, other than a spouse joining for possible homestead interest. Conveyances by strangers to the chain of title may be disregarded, unless a title examiner has actual notice of knowledge (through sources other than the record) of the interest of the grantor, or unless subsequent to such conveyance there is recorded a deed or other conveyance vesting title in such stranger.

7-04. Quit claim--after acquired title.

A quit claim deed does not pass after-acquired interest in property, unless words expressing such intent are added.

7-05. Deeds--after acquired title.

A warranty deed, limited warranty deed or special warranty deed passes after acquired title.

7-06. Marketable title acts.

Chapter 233 Laws for 1947

Chapter 256 Laws for 1951 (SDC Supp. 51.16B)

Chapter 266 Laws for 1957 (SDC 1960 Supp. 51.16B)

[Chapter 43-30]

The above are valid statutes of limitation and may respectively be relied upon as a cure or remedy for imperfections in the chain of title and a bar against all claims arising prior to the several dates referred to in each, except those specifically reserved therein. As a prerequisite to reliance upon these statutes for the purpose of title examination, it will be necessary only to require that the abstract or record examination show the recording of an affidavit of possession, as required by the act relied on; that such possession is in the holder of the record title and that there is no claim of record under the provisions of the act relied upon.

7-07. Affidavit of possession to be recorded--affiant.

In the event the condition of the title or the abstract is such that it is deemed necessary or advisable to gain the benefit of the provisions of the marketable title statute, now SDCL 43-30, in order to attain the benefit thereof it shall be necessary that the Affidavit as prescribed therein be executed and placed of record. The Affidavit may be made by anyone who knows the facts.

7-08. Affidavit of possession as basis for creating marketable title under tax deed.

Where a tax deed is regular on its face and has been of record for twenty-three years or longer, the title conveyed thereunder can be considered as marketable, if the affidavit of possession as prescribed by SDC Supp. 51.16B07, as amended by Ch. 266 of the Laws of 1957, SDC 1960 Supp. 51.16B07 [§ ] is made and filed for record.

7-09. Use of affidavits.

A title examiner may rely upon affidavits as to facts in relation to the title in the following cases:

(1)    From any person based on personal knowledge stating:

(a)    The identity of any person appearing in such chain of title under names varying in the spelling thereof or in the use of initials; or

(b)    That certain property was or was not homestead property.

(2)    As to marital status.

(3)    To explain ambiguous recitals in instruments of record.

(4)    Marketable record title affidavits under SDCL Ch. 43-30.

(5)    When authorized by any other statute.

7-10. Contents of affidavit--interest of maker.

An affidavit may be used as a means of correcting discrepancies and variances in names and in other cases where it may be accepted as curative evidence under South Dakota statute. It should include some showing that the material statements in it are based on affiant’s personal knowledge. The value of an affidavit is not diminished by the fact that the maker is interested in the title or the subject matter of the affidavit, when nothing appears in the record to affect maker’s credibility.

7-11. Corrective instruments.

A grantor who has conveyed by an effective, unambiguous instrument cannot, by executing another instrument, make a substantial change in the name of the grantee, decrease the size of the premises or the extent of the estate granted, impose a condition or limitation upon the interest granted, or otherwise derogate from the first grant, even though the latter instrument purports to correct or modify the former. However, marketability dependent upon the effect of the first instrument is not impaired by the second instrument.

7-12. Instruments which are altered and re-recorded.

The act of re-recording an instrument, after it has been materially altered, does not of itself destroy the rights of the parties to the original unaltered instrument.

To give effect to a material alteration of a previously recorded document affecting title to real property, the instrument must be re-executed, re-acknowledged, re-delivered and re-recorded. However, a grantor cannot unilaterally derogate from a previous grant; see Standard 3.4.

A material alteration to an instrument is defined as an alteration which changes the legal effect of the instrument or the rights and liabilities of the parties to the original instrument.

7-13. Conveyances--farm credit--right of first refusal.

Agricultural real estate that is conveyed or leased by a Farm Credit System entity after January 6, 1988 is subject to a right of first refusal in the previous owner-mortgagor. If the Farm Credit System entity conveys or leases land to a person other than the previous owner-mortgagor had been offered the right to repurchase or lease the acquired land, and has failed to exercise that right. Documentation can include an affidavit from a Farm Credit System agent.

8-01. Ownership of water.

All waters within the limits of the State of South Dakota subject to limitations as provided belong to the public. An examiner may ignore in his opinion any reference thereto.

8-02. Accretion, reliction, erosion and avulsion.

The effects of accretion, reliction, erosion and avulsion should be taken into consideration when examining title to real property bound by a body of water.

8-03. High-water mark boundaries.

The public has a right to use the strip of land 50 foot landward from all navigable waters provided the strip is between the ordinary high water mark and ordinary low water mark of public bodies of water.

8-04. Road and street as boundaries.

An adjacent owner is presumed to own to the middle of a platted road, though the public has a right to use the platted road.

8-05. Vacated highway, street, alley or public right of way.

A conveyance of real estate, which abuts upon a vacated highway, street, alley, other public right-of-way, includes the vacated highway, street, alley or public right-of-way, either by operation or presumption of law, unless a contrary intent appears.

8-05.1. Effect of abandonment of public use easement by South Dakota Department of Transportation or county commission.

A public use easement held by the South Dakota Department of Transportation or a county may be abandoned by resolution of the South Dakota Transportation Commission or board of county commissioners, respectively, and such lands then revert to the former owner or such former owner’s assigns.

8-06. Conveyances to state for highway purposes.

Prior to July 1, 1986, the South Dakota Department of Transportation could not acquire fee title in right-of-way. On and after July 1, 1986, the South Dakota Department of Transportation may acquire fee title in right of way by gift, devise or purchase, but may not acquire fee title in right of way acquired by condemnation.

8-06.1. Rights of way in state trunk highway system acquired prior to 1939.

    Effective July 1, 1939, all rights-of-way of the state trunk highway system, together with all appurtenances, the right or interest in or to which was in any county, transferred to and vested in the State of South Dakota for highway purposes by operation of law.

8-07. Dedication of streets, etc.

Title is not made unmarketable if streets, alleys and public grounds in a platted area, outside of or inside a municipality, are not expressly dedicated in the owner's certificate on the plat. They may be dedicated in any appropriate manner.

8-08. Mineral ownership—notation.

A title examiner need not refer to the mineral ownership where no severance appears in the record, unless a specific request for it is made.

8-09. Severance of minerals—notation.

A title examiner need not note the severance of the mineral estate from the surface nor indicate the present ownership of the minerals if the examiner includes a caveat that no opinion is expressed as to the status of the mineral estate.

0. Conveyances of royalties and minerals.

In conveyances affecting mineral estates distinction between perpetual non-participating royalty and a conveyance of perpetual mineral interests should be noted, and the respective burden of a perpetual royalty interest on the mineral estate should be contained in the opinion.

8-11. Oil and gas leases--contingent future interests.

Where an oil and gas or other mineral lease covers land subject to a contingent future interest, the oil and gas or other mineral lease must be executed by the statutory trustee.

8-12. Leases--oil—gas.

Prior to July 1, 1995, where the mineral owner is deceased an oil-gas lease must be executed by the personal representative as provided by statute.

After July 1, 1995, a personal representative of an estate holding unrestricted letters may execute oil and gas leases and other instruments affecting the mineral estate without court approval.

9-01. Easements as encumbrances.

Easements, including those reflected on plats, servitudes or non-appurtenant restrictions on the use of real property should be noted as encumbrances.

9-02. Rights-of-way as encumbrances.

A covenant of warranty should not be considered broken by the existence of a highway or railway, or right-of-way for either, upon the land conveyed by an instrument of conveyance, unless otherwise particularly specified in the deed. However, the existence of such highway, railway, or right-of-way should be noted.

9-03. Conveyances--effect of reservations or exceptions.

A deed referring to a nonexistent reservation or exception and made expressly subject thereto does not operate to reserve and except to the grantor any interest in the matter or matters made subject to exception or reservation and the same shall be considered to have passed to the grantee notwithstanding such recitation in the deed.

9-04. Railroads.

When determining the status of title for lands that contain ownership by a railroad in the chain of title, you must consider the source of the title and the language of the document vesting title in the railroad. Railroads may obtain title through grants, condemnation or purchase. Language in the vesting document may state or imply a fee simple interest or easement interest but several cases (listed below) have interpreted the interests differently depending upon the timing of the conveyance and the language of the document.

9-05. Wind or solar energy easements.

A property owner may grant a wind or solar easement properly created and recorded, however, the maximum term of such easement is fifty years. Any such easement is void if no development of the potential to produce energy from wind or solar power associated with the easement has occurred within five years after the effective date of the easement.

9-06. Wind or solar energy rights--limitation on severance.

No interest associated with the production or potential production of energy from wind or solar power may be severed from the surface estate as defined in §  except that such rights may be leased for a period not to exceed fifty years. Any such lease is void if no development of the potential to produce energy from wind or solar power has occurred on the land within five years after the lease began.

9-07. Wind or solar energy easement--mortgage by holder.

    If the wind or solar easement holder mortgages or otherwise encumbers to any party any part of the easement holder’s rights and interests under the easement, any such mortgage or encumbrance on the easement is the responsibility of the wind or solar easement holder and attaches only to the easement holder’s rights and does not otherwise attach to the land or obligate the property owner.

10-01. Covenants, conditions and restrictions defined.

The term "covenants, conditions and restrictions" is used in title examining to describe various limitations on the use of land imposed in deeds or other instruments in the chain of title.

10-02. Covenants, conditions and restrictions are generally deemed to run with the land.

Covenants contained in conveyances of real property are appurtenant and pass with them to the successor in interest and run with the land.

10-03. General plan restrictions--subdivision of tracts.

Uniform restrictions as to the use and occupancy of all lots in a subdivision may be imposed by properly executing and recording a declaration or contract.

10-04. Revocation of declaration or contract--execution by successor in interest.

In first and second-class municipalities an owner and all successor owners in interest may revoke and cancel the covenants by a properly recorded deed of revocation. Such revocation is not effective until approved by the governing body of the municipality.

10-05. Expiration of covenants, conditions and restrictions.

Declarations authorized by SDCL and shall only be prescribed but not exceed forty years from the date of the declaration.

10-06. Validity of restrictions.

A title examiner need not determine the validity or enforceability of covenants, conditions or restrictions but should show those in the chain of title.

10-07. Restrictions in derogation of existing law.

Covenants, conditions or restrictions which contain language that discriminates on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin are unenforceable and void.

11-01. Medical assistance lien.

A medical assistance lien created under SDCL 28-6 becomes a lien against real property only from the time the lien is filed with the Register of Deeds.

11-02. Child support liens.

The Department of Social Services may impose a lien for support obligations and the notice of lien, properly filed with the Register of Deeds, establishes the priority as of the date of filing.

11-03. Tax lien—county.

A county poor lien becomes a lien against real property at the time the record is filed in the office of the Register of Deeds of the county in which the poor person resides or in the county of his legal residence or last residence if he is an inmate of a state institution or deceased. All liens created prior to July 1, 1970, are terminated as a matter of law.

11-04. Poor relief lien.

Any lien established under SDCL 28-14 with regard to county poor relief shall continue, a foreclosure shall not be commenced until one year after the last payment to or for the benefit of the poor person during the lifetime of the poor person or until after the death of the poor person. Any lien or encumbrance created prior to July 1, 1970, is terminated as a matter of law.

11-05. Claims under federal laws.

A title examiner need not mention in the opinion the possibility of claims under federal laws which do not show upon local records.

11-06. Tax Lien--State or Federal.

A federal or state tax lien becomes a lien against real property from the time the lien of the tax is entered in the index of tax liens kept by the register of deeds.

12-01. Judgments—lapse.

A title examiner may ignore a judgment after ten years have passed from the date on which it was docketed unless the judgment has been renewed as provided in SDCL .

12-02. Divorce--judgment affecting defendant's title.

A divorce judgment which states that the defendant is entitled to the plaintiff's interest in real property owned either jointly between plaintiff and defendant or by plaintiff alone shall be sufficient to vest title in the defendant if the divorce judgment contains the following information and statement:

(1)A legal description of the property being vested in said defendant; and

(2)A statement by the court that should the plaintiff fail to execute an appropriate instrument of conveyance, the judgment shall act in lieu of such conveyance.

12-03. Divorce--sufficiency of judgment.

A divorce judgment vesting in the plaintiff the defendant's interest in real property, whether owned solely by said defendant or jointly with said plaintiff, shall be sufficient to vest the defendant's interest in such property, provided that the judgment or the court's file affirmatively shows the following:

(1)The legal description of property;

(2)A statement by the court that should the defendant fail to execute appropriate instrument of conveyance, the decree thus being entered shall act in lieu of such conveyance; and

(3)The defendant appeared in said action after having been served either by publication or personally and by such appearance, either stipulated to the entry of judgment and property settlement, which stipulation agreed to the vesting of the property in question or the action was litigated after due appearance at the hearing at which said judgment was ordered.

(4)If there was no appearance by the defendant after being served either personally or by publication, the judgment must affirmatively show further as follows:

(a)If defendant was served personally, that the complaint indicated the action was for the purpose of divesting defendant's interest in the particular property and the complaint set forth in full the legal description of said property; or

(b)If the service was by publication, that the summons and complaint indicated the action was for the purpose of divesting defendant's interest in the particular property by full legal description and that the affidavit for publication indicated that the action was for divorce and also for purposes of divesting defendant's interest in real property.

12-04. Notice of levy.

A notice of levy, when properly recorded under SDCL , may only be released upon:

(1)    Proof of the satisfaction of judgment;

(2)    A deed from the debtor specifying the intent to satisfy the judgment;

(3)    Proper release from the levy;

(4)    Sheriff's deed; or

(5)    Release or abandonment of the execution.

12-05. Real property abandoned by bankruptcy trustee.

The marketability of title to real property abandoned by a bankruptcy trustee for debtor-in-possession exercising the powers of a bankruptcy trustee is not adversely affected if the following should appear of record:

(1)The petition in bankruptcy of the title holder;

(2)The certificate of commencement of a case under Title 11, United States Code;

(3)If the case was commenced under Ch. 7, Ch. 12 or Ch. 13 of Title 11, United States Code, or if a trustee was appointed pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1104, the order appointing trustee and the order approving trustee's bond;

(4)In any case under Title 11, United States Code, a motion for abandonment, an order for or notice of hearing with proof of service, and an order authorizing abandonment; if no separate proceedings were had for abandonment but such abandonment was made a part of the final report of the trustee, there should appear of record the final report, the notice of hearing on the final report, with proof of service, and the order closing the estate;

(5)If the property was abandoned pursuant to the terms of a plan under Ch. 11, Ch. 12 or Ch. 13 of Title 11, United States Code, an order for or notice of hearing on confirmation with proof of service and an order of confirmation.

12-06. Real property claimed as exempt by debtor.

The marketability of title to real property claimed as exempt by a debtor in a bankruptcy proceeding is not adversely affected if the following should appear of record:

(1)The petition in bankruptcy of the title holder;

(2)The certificate of commencement of a case under Title 11, United States Code;

(3)That portion of the schedules of the debtor reflecting that the property involved was listed and claimed as exempt;

(4)The certificate of the clerk of the bankruptcy court or the clerk of the United States District Court showing that no objections to the debtor's claim of exemptions were filed, or an order of the Bankruptcy Court or United States District Court determining that the property was properly exempt.

12-07. Real property sold free and clear of any interest in course of bankruptcy proceedings.

The marketability of title to real property sold free and clear of any interest in such property in the course of any bankruptcy proceeding is not adversely affected if the following should appear of record:

A.    If the real property is sold by a debtor-in-possession then the following shall be required:

(1)The petition in bankruptcy of the title holders;

(2)The certificate of commencement of case under Title 11, United States Code;

(3)The notice of proposed action or motion to sell property free and clear of any interest, an order for or notice of hearing with proof of service, and an order confirming such sale with proof of service;

(4)If the debtor did not hold the only ownership interest in the property, a summons and complaint requesting authority to sell free and clear of the other ownership interest, with proof of service, an order or judgment authorizing such sale with proof of service, a notice of proposed action or motion to sell property free and clear of any interest; an order for or notice of hearing with proof of service, and an order confirming sale with proof of service;

(5)A deed from the debtor-in-possession.

B.    If the real property is sold by a trustee then the following shall be required:

(1)The petition in bankruptcy of the title holders;

(2)The certificate of commencement of case under Title 121, United States Code;

(3)If the case was commenced under Ch. 7, Ch. 12 or Ch. 13 of Title 11, United States Code, a copy of the document appointing the Ch. 7, Ch. 12 or Ch. 13 trustee;

(4)If the case was commenced under Ch. 11 of Title 11, United States Code, and a trustee was appointed pursuant to 11 U.S.C. § 1104, a certified copy of the order appointing the Ch. 11 trustee;

(5)The notice of proposed action or motion to sell property free and clear of any interest, an order for or notice of hearing with proof of service, and an order confirming such sale with proof of service;

(6)If the debtor did not hold the only ownership interest in the property, a summons and complaint requesting authority to sell free and clear of the other ownership interest, with proof of service, an order or judgment authorizing such sale with proof of service, a notice of proposed action or motion to sell property free and clear of any interest; an order for or notice of hearing with proof of service, and an order confirming sale with proof of service;

(7)A deed from the trustee.

12-08. Bankruptcy lien avoidance.

A lien may be deemed to have been extinguished if the bankruptcy court issues an order avoiding the lien.

12-09. Bankruptcy discharge.

A discharge operates to extinguish the personal liability of the debtor only. It does not extinguish the debt as to any other person or any lien perfected after filing and which is not avoided.

13-01. Mechanic's lien.

A mechanic's lien may be disregarded after lapse of the time within which suit for foreclosure may be filed (six years), unless proceedings for its foreclosure have previously been commenced.

13-02. Mechanic and materialmen's lien.

The filing of a Notice of Project Commencement does not constitute a cloud, lien or encumbrance upon, or defect to the title of the real property described in the notice.

14-01. Mortgages.

Whenever a conveyance shows affirmatively that it was given as security it should be treated as a mortgage.

Whenever a conveyance is from the record owner to the holder of a mortgage on the property that fact alone does not place a subsequent purchaser on inquiry as to whether the conveyance was given as security and is not grounds for an objection unless by reason of the date or recital it places a purchaser on inquiry.

14-02. Reference to nonrecorded mortgage.

When a deed filed for record more than twenty years refers to a mortgage which is not shown of record and the record does not show that any action has been commenced with reference thereto, such reference to mortgage may be disregarded.

14-03. Mortgages--release or assignment.

Where a mortgage has been re-recorded and a release or assignment is given which describes only one of the recordings, the release or assignment is sufficient; but where a new mortgage is recorded which purports to be given to correct a defect in a former mortgage, there should be a release or assignment of both mortgages.

14-04. Mortgages--statute of limitations.

A mortgage past due more than fifteen years from its due date or recorded extension thereof, or if no due date is stated therein or ascertainable therefrom, thirty years from the date of the mortgage, is ineffective and void and the record thereof may be disregarded.

14-05. Satisfaction by one of plural mortgagees.

Where a mortgage is given to two or more mortgagees a satisfaction by one of such mortgagees is sufficient to release the mortgage except where the mortgage shows that it secures debts which are owned separately by the different mortgagees.

14-06. Release of mortgage by other than mortgagee.

A title examiner may treat a mortgage as satisfied if a mortgage release complying with the requirements in SDCL is recorded.

14-07. Release--assignment of rents.

A title examiner shall require a release of a separately recorded assignment of rents even though the mortgage given on the same date or for the same debt is satisfied or released, unless the assignment of rents by its own terms is satisfied when the mortgage is satisfied or released or the satisfaction or release indicates the underlying debt is paid.

14-08. Defect in satisfaction of mortgage.

A satisfaction of a mortgage is sufficient notwithstanding error in some details in date, amount, book and page of record, property description, names and position of parties, or other details, if, considering all circumstances of record, sufficient data are given to identify the security interest sought to be satisfied.

14-09. Deeds--unsatisfied mortgage.

A deed from the record holder of an unsatisfied mortgage or other encumbrance, who is also the record title holder, which does not except the encumbrance or state that the deed is given subject to the encumbrance, is sufficient as a discharge of the encumbrance.

14-10. Mortgage--merger of title.

If the holder of a mortgage acquires the estate of the mortgagor, the mortgage interest may be merged in the fee and the mortgage extinguished, although it is only when the fee and the lien center in the same person without any intervening claims, liens or equities that a merger of the title and the lien will take place.

However, merger depends upon the intent of the parties. In determining intent, equity is not limited by the rules of law, and under unusual circumstances, a mortgage may be extinguished where it would continue to exist at law, or a mortgage may be preserved where it would be merged at law. Because of the difficulty in determining what a court might decide in any particular case, if merger cannot be determined from the instruments, then a merger is not ordinarily assumed so long as the mortgage remains unsatisfied of record.

If there is an outstanding or intervening lien or title, the foundation for the merger does not exist and no merger will be declared.

14-11. Foreclosure of mortgage by action.

The instruments required to be recorded to show title based on a mortgage foreclosure by action are the sheriff's certificate of sale, and the sheriff's deed.

If mortgagor redeems, recording the original certificate of redemption will eliminate the foreclosed mortgage and does not affect status of junior liens. Satisfaction of the original mortgage is neither necessary nor desirable. Foreclosure cuts out subsequent liens and satisfaction or release of them is not necessary.

Satisfaction of lien holders, properly joined in the action, is not necessary.

14-12. Foreclosure by advertisement.

The instruments required to be recorded to show title based on a mortgage foreclosure by advertisement are the sheriff's certificate of sale, any certificates or affidavits of non-redemption, the affidavit of publication of notice of sale, an affidavit stating notice was provided to all required parties and that no request for foreclosure by action was made, an affidavit relating to the military status of the owner and the sheriff's deed.

15-01. Probate and Estate Administration--chain of title.

Prior to July 1, 1995 (the effective date of adoption of the Uniform Probate Code in South Dakota), for ultimate distributions from an estate, as distinguished from conveyances from an estate, a certified copy of a decree of distribution made by a South Dakota circuit court is sufficient to complete the chain of title.

15-02. Executor's deed.

For conveyances out of an estate, as distinguished from ultimate distributions from an estate pursuant o decedent's will or intestate succession, prior to July 1, 1995 (the effective date of adoption of the Uniform Probate Code in South Dakota), a certified copy of an order confirming sale made by a South Dakota circuit court and an executor's or administrator's deed is necessary to complete the chain of title, except in certain circumstances of an independent administration.

15-03. Conveyances made under the Uniform Probate Code.

For conveyances occurring after July 1, 1995 under the Uniform Probate Code, SDCL ch. 29A, whether or not in ultimate distribution of the estate under the decedent's will or intestate succession, a duly recorded personal representative's deed with attached certified copy of the Letters of Personal Representative is required to complete the chain of title.

15-04. Chain of title—probate.

A title examiner examining a title for an intended purchaser or mortgagee for value from a distributee of an estate need only require proof of unrestricted letters of the personal representative in effect on the date of the original conveyance from the estate to the distribute of the estate in order to complete the chain of title.

15-05. Authority of personal representative.

Upon the death of a person, the real and personal property devolves to the heirs or devisees, subject to claims and the administration of the estate, and the personal representative, acting on behalf of the estate, and on behalf of the heirs or devisees of the decedent, has the authority to convey said real and personal property.

15-06. Deed of distribution.

A deed of distribution is evidence of the distributee's title. The distributee's receipt of the deed is conclusive evidence that the distributee is the one entitled to the property.

15-07. Delayed probate or administration.

If no proceedings concerning succession or estate administration have been commenced within three years of the date of the decedent’s death, a personal representative may be appointed for the sole purposes of transferring property pursuant to the terms of the decedent’s will or by intestate succession.

15-08. South Dakota inheritance tax liens.

The South Dakota inheritance tax was repealed effective July 1, 2001, and any remaining inheritance tax liens of record are of no further force or effect.

15-09. Termination of a life estate or the interest of a life tenant.

To establish termination of the interest of a life tenant in real property, the certified record of death must be recorded together with an affidavit setting out the legal descriptions of the property involved. Alternatively, if the interest of a life tenant is the subject of proceedings concerning succession or estate administration, the court, in its order of complete settlement, may terminate the decedent’s life estate in the property by the recording of the order of complete settlement in the land record.

15-10. Probate--existence of federal lien.

No objection shall be made to the possible existence of federal tax liens if the personal representative provides to the title examiner a lien release, a closing letter or an affidavit stating that no federal estate tax liability exists.

15-11. Authority of successor fiduciary.

A successor personal representative or successor conservator has all of the powers of the succeeded personal representative and succeeded conservator, subject to any restrictions indicated in the letters.

15-12. Term of authority for fiduciary.

The authority of a personal representative or conservator continues until the appointment is terminated or modified. Unless otherwise indicated, a title examiner may presume that letters originally issued continued in effect and unmodified from the date of their issuance to the date of any subsequent certification of a copy thereof.

15-13. Acts authorized by personal representative or conservator.

No order confirming or authorizing any act by a personal representative or conservator, not contrary to any restriction shown in the letters, shall be required.

15-14. Guardian's deeds.

For conveyances from a guardian prior to July 1, 1993, a certified copy of an order of a court confirming the sale, together with a guardian's deed is necessary to complete the chain of title.

15-15. Conservator's deeds.

For conveyances from a conservator on or after July 1, 1993, a conservator's deed and a certified copy of the letters of conservatorship from a court of competent jurisdiction are necessary to complete the chain of title.

15-16. Authority of conservator.

A certified copy of proof of authority of appointment from a court of competent jurisdiction and bond, and a certified copy of unrestricted letters of the conservator which establishes that the letters were in effect on the date of the title transaction, are necessary to evidence the conservator's authority.

15-17. Foreign personal representative.

A foreign personal representative appointed in testacy must be appointed by an order or statement from a South Dakota court or clerk, qualify and be issued letters in order to transfer title to the real estate. If no local administration or application or petition therefor is pending in this state, a foreign personal representative appointed in intestacy may file certified copies of the foreign documents of appointment and of any official bond with the clerk of courts in a county in which property belonging to the decedent is located and thereafter be authorized to transfer title to real property in South Dakota with the same authority as a locally appointed personal representative. However, a bank or trust company shall not have the authority to act unless qualified to do trust business or exercise trust powers in this state.

15-18. Guardian and conservator.

The fact that an individual or entity deals with a guardian, if appointed prior to July 1, 1995, or conservator with knowledge of the representative capacity does not alone require an inquiry into the guardian's or conservator's authority, except that any such individual or entity is charged with knowledge of restrictions that may appear on the letters of guardianship or conservatorship.

15-19. Omitted real estate or faulty description of closed estate.

When an estate has been as administered in probate court and a final decree of distribution recorded in the land records, no reopening of the estate shall be required to convey an interest of the decedent merely because: (1) all of the real estate of the decedent or interest therein was not included in the inventory or in the decree of distribution, or (2) the description of such estate or interest was mis-described in the probate record. A deed by heirs or devisees, whether in warranty or quitclaim, shall be effective to pass title to real estate if the existing probate record enables a clear and unambiguous determination that the grantors would be the persons entitled to decree of such estate or interest if the estate were reopened to correct the error or include the omitted property.

16-01. Omission and inconsistency of dates.

The fact that an instrument affecting title may not be dated, or that inconsistency exists between its date, the date of attestation, the date of acknowledgment or the date of recordation, does not impair marketability, unless the inconsistency is of such peculiar significance, when considered with other circumstances of record, as to impel a reasonable suspicion on the part of the examiner that the title may be defective.

16-02. Effect of curative acts.

An act, curative of matters of execution, acknowledgment and recording, or procedural omission, irregularities or defects, is presumed to be valid legislation, effectively eliminating objections based upon the imperfections of title which fall within its scope as to subject matter and date, thus avoiding necessity of action to quiet title.

A curative statute purporting to legalize alleged defects in probate proceedings is inoperative as against a claim based upon legal action or proceeding which the record shows was pending at the time the curative statute went into effect, whether or not the curative statute so states.

16-03. Condominiums.

A condominium project is established whenever the developers or the owners of a building or buildings expressly declare, through the recordation of a master deed or lease, their desire to submit their property to the formation of a condominium under the laws given in SDCL ch. 43-15A.

17-01. Requirements for transfer on death deed.

To create a transfer on death deed, the transferor must have the same capacity required to make a will. The transfer on death deed must be recorded in the county where the property is located before the transferor’s death and must include:

(a)    the essential elements and formalities of a recordable inter vivos deed; and

(b)    a statement that the transfer is to occur at the transferor’s death.

A transfer on death deed does not require consideration, notice, delivery, or acceptance during the transferor’s life. A transfer on death deed has no effect while the transferor is alive, nor does it affect the rights and interests of a designated beneficiary, creditor, or future creditor until the death of the transferor.

17-02. Revocation of transfer on death deed.

A transfer on death deed may not be revoked by a revocatory act, such as burning, tearing, canceling, or otherwise destroying the deed, after it is recorded. A recorded transfer on death deed can only be revoked, in whole or in part, by an instrument subsequently acknowledged by the transferor and recorded. The instrument must be either:

(a)    a transfer on death deed, inter vivos deed, or other instrument of revocation expressly revoking the prior transfer on death deed; or

(b)    a transfer on death deed revoking the prior transfer on death deed by inconsistency.

An optional revocation form can be found in SDCL 29A-6-431.

17-03. Limitations on liability of beneficiary of transfer on death deed.

A purchaser for value or a lender acquiring a security interest in the property from the beneficiary takes their interest free and clear of any claims or liability to the transferor’s estate or creditors as long as they had no knowledge that the transfer was improper.

17-04. Impact of transfer on death deed at transferor’s death.

Upon the death of the transferor, property that is the subject of a transfer on death deed transfers to the designated beneficiaries who survived the transferor, subject to any restrictions contained in the transfer on death deed and disclaimers recorded by beneficiaries with the Register of Deeds in the county where the property is located. Beneficiaries take the property subject to all conveyances, encumbrances, assignments, contracts, mortgages, liens, and other interests the property is subject to at the time of the transferor’s death. The transfer on death deed transfers the property without covenant or warranty of title, even if the transfer on death deed contains a contrary provision.

17-05. Joint owners making a transfer on death deed.

If the transferor is a joint owner of the land, upon the transferor’s death, the property which is the subject of the transfer on death deed will belong to any surviving joint owners. However, if the transferor is the last surviving joint owner, then the transfer on death deed is effective and the property transfers to the designated beneficiaries.

17-06.Transfer on death deed beneficiary’s liability for debts and obligations.

A beneficiary of a transfer on death deed may be liable to the creditors or personal representative of a deceased transferor for an amount up to the value of the property conveyed to the beneficiary, as determined at the time of transferor’s death.

17-07. The making or modification of beneficiary of transfer on death deed by agent.

In the absence of a document establishing an agent’s right to act or a court order expressly authorizing such action, an attorney in fact, custodian, conservator, or other agent of the transferor may not make, change, or revoke a beneficiary designation on a transfer on death deed. However, this does not prohibit or limit the agent’s ability to sell, pledge, or otherwise enact a present transfer of the property during the transferor’s life with such express authorization, in effect, extinguishing the designated beneficiary’s right to receive the property upon the transferor’s death.

17-08. Affidavit of confirmation after transfer on death deed.

To evidence the transfer of property upon the death of the transferor of the transfer on death deed, a beneficiary must file and record an affidavit of confirmation in the county where the property is located. The affidavit must comply with the requirements of SDCL 29A-6-427. An optional form of the affidavit of confirmation can be found in SDCL 29A-6-432. The register of deeds will make an index reference in the record of deeds to any affidavit of confirmation properly filed.

19-01. Metes and bounds.

When any owner of a government subdivision or a platted tract or lot divides that land into parcels for the purpose of transfer that cannot be described except by metes and bounds, the parcels of land so divided must be platted before any instrument of transfer can be recorded. Real property descriptions using metes and bounds may be recorded only if a previous conveyance by the same metes and bounds has been made and recorded.

19-02. Legal description from survey or plat.

A legal description is eligible for recordation if the document contains a reference to a legal survey or is capable of being indexed in one of the two statutory numerical indexes maintained by the office of the Register of Deeds for that particular county.

If a legal description includes a reference to a platted division or subdivision, the legal description should also identify the lot or tract number, the block or tract number and the name of the platted addition or subdivision taken directly from the recorded plat. The legal description should also include a concluding reference identifying the county and state where the plat is recorded along with the book and page.

19-03. Platting.

Any subdivision of land containing two or more lots shall be platted or replatted and must be submitted for proper platting according to law.

19-04. Plats--designation or variations in addition or subdivision name.

Although a plat should be referred to in a conveyance as entitled in the owner's dedication clause in the filed plat as reflected by the abstract or record examination (without reference to the present state of incorporation of the municipality unless part of the plat name), minor inaccuracies in description such as the interchange of the words "subdivision" and "addition," the addition or omission of the word "first" when there is only one such addition, and other similar discrepancies which do not create a problem of identification can be disregarded, provided a title examiner is satisfied that the discrepancies do not create the possibility of reference to any other platted area in the village, city, municipality, township or other government subdivision of which the plat is part. It is sufficient in such instances to request the abstracter to note that there is only one such platted area.

19-05. Plats, effect of joinders in.

A conveyance from the record owner shall be sufficient notwithstanding that a stranger to the title joins in the dedication of the plat or covenants of which the tract is a part if the record shows an interest of said stranger in another tract within the plat or subject to the covenants.

Such showing may be by recitation in the plat or covenants as to which parts thereof each joining party claims an interest. If the plat or covenants do not so designate, a title examiner should require the abstracter to place in the abstract or record examination, for reference purposes, the conveyance to the joining party of part or parts of the platted area.

19-06. Plats, vacation before lots sold.

The recording of an instrument executed by all of the owners of a subdivision vacating a plat before any lots have been sold extinguishes all easements created by the plat and revokes the dedication to the public of all rights in the streets, alleys, easements and public grounds.

19-07. Plats, vacation after lots sold.

The vacation of all or any part of a plat after the sale of any lots must be executed by all of the owners of the subdivision and by all of the owners of the lots sold.

19-08. Discrepancy in survey.

Title shall not be considered unmarketable because a survey discloses differences in deed or plat distances or courses and subsequently measured distances or courses if the surveyor states that both descriptions describe the same parcel.

19-09. Plats, effect of replat on rights in the public and easements.

The replat of a platted subdivision extinguishes the rights in the public and the public easements and rights-of-way created in the original plat as set forth in the replat or to the extent they are inconsistent with the replat. Any private easements shown on a plat cannot be extinguished without joinder of the parties benefitted by the private easement.

23-01. Marketable record title--statute of limitations.

No title shall be considered unmarketable by reason of any claim or defect twenty-two years or older, if the record title holder has an unbroken chain of title through the holder's immediate or remote grantors by a deed of conveyance which has been recorded twenty-two years or more, and if the record title holder is in possession of the property. This standard does not extinguish or bar those claims provided for under SDCL 43-30.

23-02. Title by patent.

The chain of title must be based upon a recorded patent or certified copy of the patent except when the title is founded upon a congressional grant which by its terms does not require a patent, a judgment or a treaty.

23-03. Validity of patent under General Allotment Act.

A title examiner may not assume the validity of a fee patent issued pursuant to the General Allotment Act of February 8, 1887.

A title examiner may rely upon a deed from the heirs of a deceased allottee as passing title free of trust provided that the deed has been approved by the Secretary of the Interior.

23-04. Financial institution name change or successor.

A title examiner may rely on a recitation in an instrument of record executed by a regulatory authority, or an officer or counsel for a lending institution that the lending institution changed its name or is the successor of one or more previous lending institutions.

26-01. Tax title.

Neither a tax deed issued pursuant to any of the provisions of SDCL , nor any combination of such deeds, terminates the rights of the owner who owned it prior to its sale for taxes, unless there is:

(1)A judgment in a quiet title action;

(2)A marketable Record Title Affidavit pursuant to SDCL 43 (using as a "root of title" the tax deed from the county); or

(3)A deed conveying the prior owner's interest.

26-02. Effect of tax deed.

A valid tax deed clothes the grantee with a new and complete title under an independent grant from the sovereign authority of the state, extinguishing all prior titles.

(Current through 2022 Session Laws, Executive Order 22-9 and Supreme Court Rule 22-06.)



43-30 MARKETABLE TITLE TO REAL ESTATE
CHAPTER 43-30

MARKETABLE TITLE TO REAL ESTATE

43-30-1      Marketable record title--Unbroken chain of title of record for twenty-two years or longer--Exceptions.
43-30-2      Definitions--Unbroken chain of title to an interest in land--Title transaction.
43-30-3      Marketable record title held free and clear of interest, claims, and charges--Limitation--Notice of claim of interest.
43-30-4      Filing of notice of claim of interest--Persons authorized to file.
43-30-5      Notice of claim of interest--Filing for record.
43-30-6      Acceptance of notice of claim of interest for filing by register of deeds--Entering and recording--Indexing of notices.
43-30-7      Affidavit of possession of real property--Contents--Recording--Time for filing--State railroad property.
43-30-8      Record of affidavit of possession--Evidence of facts stated.
43-30-8.1      Repealed.
43-30-8.2      Condition subsequent based on alcoholic beverage use barred by affidavit unless rerecorded--Duration.
43-30-9      Slandering title to land--Notice of claim recorded for such purpose--Costs awarded plaintiff in quiet title action--Attorney fees--Damages.
43-30-10      Purpose of chapter--Construction.
43-30-11      Claims barred by chapter--Definition.
43-30-12      Exceptions to application of chapter.
43-30-13      Right, title, or interest of state or United States unaffected by chapter.
43-30-14      Right, title, or interest in land owned by public utility unaffected by chapter.
43-30-15      Existing statutes of limitations and recording statutes not affected by chapter.
43-30-16      Railroad property conveyances to or by state exempt from plat requirements--Filing map.
43-30-17      Certain property conveyances under Water Resources Development Act exempt from plat requirements--Filing of survey references, maps, etc.
APPENDIX A



43-30A ABANDONED MINERAL INTERESTS
CHAPTER 43-30A

ABANDONED MINERAL INTERESTS

43-30A-1      "Mineral interest" defined.
43-30A-2      Abandonment by nonuse--Title vests in surface owner.
43-30A-3      Acts constituting use of interest.
43-30A-4      Statement of claim--Recording--Contents--Effect.
43-30A-5      Circumstances in which failure to record statement does not cause abandonment.
43-30A-6      Notice by surface owner--Contents--Proof of publication and mailing.
43-30A-6.1      Repealed.
43-30A-7      Waiver of provisions.
43-30A-8      Government owned interests exempt.
43-30A-9      Prospective and retrospective application.
43-30A-10      Water rights unaffected.
43-30A-11, 43-30A-12. Repealed.



43-30B TRUST FOR UNLOCATED OR UNIDENTIFIED MINERAL INTEREST OWNERS
CHAPTER 43-30B

TRUST FOR UNLOCATED OR UNIDENTIFIED MINERAL INTEREST OWNERS

43-30B-1      Petition for creation of trust.
43-30B-2      Required showing.
43-30B-3      Declaration of trust in favor of unlocated or unidentified mineral owner--Appointment of trustee.
43-30B-4      Administration of trust.
43-30B-5      Termination of trust--Distribution of trust moneys.
43-30B-6      Actions not use of mineral interest under chapter 43-30A.
43-30B-7      Repealed.



CHAPTER 43-31

HOMESTEAD EXEMPTION

43-31-1    Homestead exempt from judicial sale, judgment lien, and mesne or final process--Mobile homes--Senior citizens.

43-31-2    Homestead limited to house or mobile home and appurtenant buildings--Business place--Minimum size of mobile home.

43-31-3    Homestead containing one or more lots or tracts of land--Contiguous tracts--Use in good faith.

43-31-4    Limited area of homestead--Mineral lands.

43-31-5    Homestead exemption does not apply to gold and silver mines and mills.

43-31-6    Selection of homestead, marking, platting, and recording--Execution against unselected homestead--Officer may mark off, plat, and record--Expense embraced in execution.

43-31-7    Marking off and platting of homestead--Exception.

43-31-8    Description of homestead--Recording.

43-31-9    Change of homestead--Metes and bounds--Record of description--Prior conveyances or liens not prejudiced--Effect of nonconcurrence of spouse.

43-31-10    Change of homestead reserved by order of court for minor children--Petition--Notice--Prior conveyances or liens not prejudiced.

43-31-11    New homestead--Extent of exemption.

43-31-12    Disagreement as to extent of homestead--Determination by circuit court.

43-31-13    Possession and occupancy of homestead--Surviving spouse--Minor children.

43-31-13.1    Owner's absence pursuant to protection order not waiver or abandonment of owner's interest.

43-31-14    Family defined.

43-31-15    Descent of homestead--Exemption from debts of owner--Exception.

43-31-16    Sale of homestead for payment of debts where no husband or wife surviving, and no issue.

43-31-17    Execution by husband and wife necessary for conveyance or encumbrance--Exception for prisoner of war or missing in action.

43-31-18    Application by spouse of protected person for conveyance or encumbrance by conservator.

43-31-19    Application for order requiring guardian of mentally ill or incompetent spouse to join in conveyance or mortgage of homestead--Verification--Contents.

43-31-20    Time and place for hearing application for order requiring guardian of mentally ill or incompetent spouse to join in conveyance or mortgage of homestead--Order fixing.

43-31-21    Service of application and order for conservator of incapacitated spouse to join in conveyance or mortgage of homestead.

43-31-22    Appointment of guardian ad litem on whom service of application and order may be made to require incapacitated spouse to join in conveyance or mortgage of homestead.

43-31-23    Order of court on application to require guardian of mentally ill or incompetent spouse to join in conveyance or mortgage of homestead--Findings of fact and conclusions of law.

43-31-24    Court determination as to incapacity--Order to conservator to join in conveyance or encumbrance.

43-31-25    Appointment of conservator to join in conveyance or encumbrance for incapacitated spouse--No bond--Termination of conservatorship.

43-31-26    Recording of certified copy of order requiring guardian of mentally ill or incompetent spouse to join in conveyance or mortgage of homestead.

43-31-27    Devise or bequest of homestead subject to rights of surviving spouse.

43-31-28    43-31-28. Repealed by SL 1986, ch 27, § 46.

43-31-29    Homestead liable for accrued taxes--Sale for payment of taxes certified and recorded--Exceptions. =

43-31-30    Certain federal bankruptcy exemptions not available.

43-31-31    Repealed.

43-31-32    Repealed.

43-31-33    Repealed.

43-31-34    Repealed.

43-31-35    Repealed.

43-31-36    Repealed.

43-31-37    Repealed.

43-31-38    Repealed.

43-31-39    Repealed.

43-31-40    Repealed.

43-31-41    Repealed.



CHAPTER 43-32

LEASE OF REAL PROPERTY

43-32-1    Leasing of real property defined.

43-32-2    Limited term of lease--Agricultural land--Municipal lots.

43-32-3    Hiring of real property presumed for one year--Exception.

43-32-4    Hiring of lodgings--Length of term--Presumption.

43-32-5    Lease of real property for more than one year--Written contract necessary.

43-32-6    Obligations of lessor of real property--Tenant's remedies against lessor.

43-32-6.1    Maximum security deposit for residential premises--Larger deposit by mutual agreement.

43-32-7    43-32-7. Repealed by SL 1983, ch 13, § 29

43-32-8    Residential lessor to keep premises in repair--Disrepair caused by lessee--Agreements for repairs in lieu of rent--Liability to third persons unaffected.

43-32-9    Failure of lessor to repair premises--Lessee's remedies.

43-32-10    Preservation of premises by lessee.

43-32-11    Use of premises when leased for particular or specified purpose--Responsibility of lessee--Rescission of contract.

43-32-12    Time for payment of rent--Agricultural and wildland--Lodging--Termination of hiring.

43-32-13    Modification of lease--Written notice by landlord, effect--Termination by tenant.

43-32-14    Retention of possession by lessee after expiration of hiring--Acceptance of rent by lessor--Renewal of hiring--Terms.

43-32-15    Renewal of hiring of real property presumed unless notice given of termination.

43-32-16    Tenant receiving notice of adverse proceedings--Duty to inform landlord.

43-32-17    Attornment of tenant to stranger, validity--Consent of landlord--Judgment.

43-32-18    Termination of lease by landlord before end of agreed term--Use of premises by tenant contrary to agreement--Neglect of tenant to make repairs.

43-32-18.1    Eviction of tenant--Limitations.

43-32-19    Termination of lease by tenant--Causes.

43-32-19.1    Domestic abuse--Unlawful sexual behavior--Stalking--Termination of lease--Notice requirements.

43-32-19.2    Contact information--Disclosure--Limitation.

43-32-20    Assignment of lease by lessee--Breach of agreement--Recovery of possession--Remedies of lessor--Exception--Security for loan.

43-32-21    Assignment of lease by lessor--Breach of agreement--Remedies of lessee--Covenants excepted.

43-32-22    Termination of lease--Agreed term--Mutual consent--Acquisition of superior title by tenant.

43-32-22.1    Continuation of farm lease absent notice--Time for notice--Termination without notice in case of default--Grassland included.

43-32-23    Termination of lease at pleasure of either party--Death or incapacity to contract--Exception.

43-32-24    Return of security deposit after termination of tenancy--Withholding--Itemized accounting--Forfeiture of withholding rights--Punitive damages.

43-32-24.1    Commercial security deposits.

43-32-25    Small amount of tenant's property left on premises presumed abandoned--Disposal by lessor. \

43-32-26    Storage of tenant's valuable property left on premises--Lien--Disposal as abandoned after waiting period.

43-32-27    Cause of action against lessor for retaliatory conduct.

43-32-28    Retaliatory conduct--Remedies--Attorney's fees.

43-32-29    Rights and remedies preserved.

43-32-30    Disclosure of knowledge of existence of prior manufacturing of methamphetamines.

43-32-31    Notice to vacate and remove mobile or manufactured home from leased property.

43-32-32    Reasonable notice of landlord's intent to enter--Contents.

43-32-33    Service animal and disability defined.

43-32-34    Landlord permitted to require documentation of disability requiring service animal--Exceptions.

43-32-35    Service animal documentation requirements.

43-32-36    Eviction for false claims of disability requiring service animal or fraudulent documentation--Damages.

43-32-37    Ejection--Hotel, campground, or RV park premises.



43-33 FIXTURES TO LAND
CHAPTER 43-33

FIXTURES TO LAND

43-33-1      Thing affixed to land, definition.
43-33-2      Effect of affixing property to land of another--No agreement as to removal--Ownership of thing affixed--Exception.
43-33-3      Removal of property affixed to demised premises--Rights of tenant--Exception.



43-34 ACCESSIONS TO PERSONAL PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-34

ACCESSIONS TO PERSONAL PROPERTY

43-34-1      Ownership of things--Extent--Products and accessions.
43-34-2      Effect of uniting things of different owners--Inseparable without injury--Ownership--Duties of owner.
43-34-3      Principal part of thing which has been united--Definition--Necessity for separation and return to original owner.
43-34-4      Uniting things of different owners--Absence of principal part--Value or bulk as determinable factor.
43-34-5      Use of materials of different owners to form a thing of new description--Inseparable without inconvenience--Common ownership.
43-34-6      Thing formed by admixture of materials of different owners without consent of some--Inseparable without inconvenience--Common ownership--Exception.
43-34-7      Thing made from material of another--Ownership--Value of workmanship and material--Reimbursement.
43-34-8      Common ownership provisions not applicable to willful use of materials of another without his consent--Ownership of product by owner of materials--Tracing identity.
43-34-9      Owner of material used without knowledge to form new product claiming interest in product--Demand for restitution or value of product.
43-34-10      Wrongful employment of materials of another--Liability for damage.
43-34-11      Taking possession of thing to render service about it--Rights and duties of person rendering service.



43-35 TRANSFER OF PERSONAL PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-35

TRANSFER OF PERSONAL PROPERTY

43-35-1      Title to personal property--Sale or exchange--Law governing--Exception.
43-35-2      Transfer of interest in ship or existing trust--Operation of law--Written instrument.
43-35-3      Passing of title to personal property sold or exchanged--Exception.
43-35-4      Executory agreement for sale or exchange of personal property--Transfer of title--Exception.
43-35-5      Transfer of possession of personal property, with power of disposition, to another--Executed sale by transferee--Legal effect.
43-35-6      Good will of a business--Definition--Property subject to transfer.



43-36 GIFTS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-36

GIFTS OF PERSONAL PROPERTY

43-36-1      Gift defined.
43-36-2      Validity of verbal gift--Means of obtaining possession and control--Delivery.
43-36-3      Gift not subject to revocation by giver--Exception--Gift in view of death.
43-36-4      Gift in view of death--Definition.
43-36-5      Gift in view of death--Presumption.
43-36-6      Gift in view of death--Revocation--Rights of bona fide purchaser protected.
43-36-7      Gift in view of death not affected by will--Exception.
43-36-8      Gift in view of death--Treatment as legacy--Creditors of giver.



43-37 LOAN OF PERSONAL PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-37

LOAN OF PERSONAL PROPERTY

43-37-1      Loan for use--Definition--Money in specie.
43-37-2      Loan for exchange--Definition.
43-37-3      Loan for use or exchange subject to provisions relating to loans for exchange.
43-37-4      Loan for use--Title not transferred--Increase during loan period belongs to lender.
43-37-5      Extent of use of thing by borrower.
43-37-6      Duties of borrower for use--Preservation of thing--Living animal--Care of thing lent, extent of exercise--Repairs caused by negligence.
43-37-7      Borrower for use--Lending to third person without consent of lender forbidden.
43-37-8      Lender of thing for use--Right to require return--Indemnification of borrower for loss.
43-37-9      Loan for exchange--Title transferred to borrower--Right to increase during loan period.
43-37-10      Loan for exchange--Modification of contract by lender forbidden.
43-37-11      Loan for use or exchange--Borrower required to bear all expenses during loan--Exception--Compensation for cost to preserve thing from injury.
43-37-12      Loan for use or exchange--Indemnification of borrower by lender for damages for defects.
43-37-13      Loan for use or exchange--Return of thing to lender by borrower--Specified time--Demand for return.
43-37-14      Loan for use or exchange--Place for return of thing by borrower.



43-38 HIRING OF PERSONAL PROPERTY [REPEALED]
CHAPTER 43-38

HIRING OF PERSONAL PROPERTY [REPEALED]

[Repealed by SL 1990, ch 390, § 30]



43-39 DEPOSIT OF PERSONAL PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-39

DEPOSIT OF PERSONAL PROPERTY

43-39-1      Kinds and classifications of deposits.
43-39-2      Voluntary deposit, making of--Terms defined--Deposit--Depository.
43-39-3      Involuntary deposit, making of--Duty of involuntary depository.
43-39-4      Deposit for keeping defined.
43-39-5      Deposit for exchange defined.
43-39-6      Gratuitous deposit defined.
43-39-7      Deposit for storage defined--Depository as depository for hire.
43-39-8      Rights and duties of depositor and depository.
43-39-9      Deposit for exchange--Transfer of title to deposit--Creation of debtor and creditor relationship.
43-39-10      Depository for hire--Ordinary care in preservation of deposit.
43-39-11      Gratuitous depository--Care for preservation of deposit.
43-39-12      Depository of living animals--Food and shelter--Kind treatment.
43-39-12.1      Abandonment of animal left with veterinarian--Notice to owner--Disposition--Liability.
43-39-13      Use of thing deposited or opening of fastened deposit by depository without depositor's consent forbidden--Exception.
43-39-14      Liability for damage arising from wrongful use--Exception.
43-39-15      Sale of thing in danger of perishing.
43-39-16      Services rendered by depository.
43-39-17      Extent of liability of depository for negligence.
43-39-18      Injury to or loss of thing deposited.
43-39-19      Notice to owner of thing wrongfully detained.
43-39-20      Notice to owner of adverse claim.
43-39-21      Depository not obligated to deliver deposit without demand.
43-39-22      Depository must deliver on demand.
43-39-23      Place of delivery.
43-39-24      Delivery of thing owned jointly or in common.
43-39-25      Cessation of duties of gratuitous depository.
43-39-26      Rate of compensation for fractional part of week or month.
43-39-27      Indemnification of depository by depositor.
43-39-28      Rights of parties to terminate deposit.
43-39-29      Termination of deposit--Payment of charges to become due.



43-40 SAFEGUARDING OF PROPERTY IN HOTELS
CHAPTER 43-40

SAFEGUARDING OF PROPERTY IN HOTELS

43-40-1      Liability of innkeeper or hotel keeper for loss of or injury to property of guest.
43-40-2      Special arrangement between innkeeper or hotel keeper and guest for safe deposit of property.
43-40-3      Guest's receipt for property delivered for safekeeping.
43-40-4      Exemption of hotel proprietor from liability for property of guest.
43-40-5      Personal property of guest not deposited for safekeeping--Liability of innkeeper or hotel keeper--Limitation as to amount--Exceptions.
43-40-6      Guest leaving property at inn or hotel after departure or before arrival--Held at owner's risk.



43-41 LOST AND FOUND PROPERTY
CHAPTER 43-41

LOST AND FOUND PROPERTY

43-41-1      Obligation of finder of lost thing.
43-41-2      Duty of person finding lost personal property other than domestic animal--Advertisement and appraisement.
43-41-3      Finder to notify owner.
43-41-4      Finder may put thing found in storage.
43-41-5      Claimant to prove ownership.
43-41-6      Compensation of finder--Necessary expenses--Preservation of lost thing--Reward for keeping.
43-41-7      Surrender of thing to finder.
43-41-8      Sale by finder of thing found.
43-41-9      Manner of selling thing found by finder.
43-41-10      Thing intentionally abandoned--Provisions of chapter inapplicable.
43-41-11      Disposition of certain abandoned, lost or confiscated bicycles.



43-41A DISPOSITION OF UNCLAIMED PROPERTY [REPEALED]
CHAPTER 43-41A

DISPOSITION OF UNCLAIMED PROPERTY [REPEALED]

[Repealed by SL 1992, ch 312, § 39; SL 1993, ch 326, § 9]



CHAPTER 43-41B

UNIFORM UNCLAIMED PROPERTY ACT

43-41B-1    Definitions and use of terms.

43-41B-2    Property presumed abandoned--General rule.

43-41B-3    General rules for taking custody of intangible unclaimed property.

43-41B-4    Travelers checks and money orders.

43-41B-5    Checks, drafts and similar instruments issued or certified by banking and financial organizations.

43-41B-6    Bank deposits and funds in financial organizations.

43-41B-7    Funds owing under life insurance.

43-41B-8    Deposits held by utilities.

43-41B-9    Refunds held by business associations.

43-41B-10    Stock and other intangible interests in business associations.

43-41B-11    Property of business associations held in course of dissolution.

43-41B-12    43-41B-12. Repealed by SL 1993, ch 326, § 2

43-41B-13    Property held by agents and fiduciaries.

43-41B-14    Property held by courts and public agencies.

43-41B-15    Gift certificates and credit memos.

43-41B-16    Wages.

43-41B-17    Contents of safe deposit box or other safekeeping repository--U.S. savings bonds.

43-41B-18    Report of abandoned property.

43-41B-19    Notice and publication of names of persons appearing to be owners of unclaimed property.

43-41B-20    Payment or delivery of abandoned property.

43-41B-21    Custody by state--Holder relieved from liability--Reimbursement of holder paying claim--Reclaiming for owner--Defense of holder--Payment of safe deposit box or repository charges.

43-41B-22    Crediting of dividends, interest, or increments to owner's account.

43-41B-23    Public sale of abandoned property.

43-41B-23.1    Sale of securities, stocks, bonds, and other intangible ownership interests.

43-41B-24    Unclaimed property trust fund--Deposit--Moneys received.

43-41B-24.1    Unclaimed property trust fund--Continuous appropriation--Purpose--Informational budget.

43-41B-24.2    Operational expenses not continuously appropriated.

43-41B-25    Filing claim with administrator--Handling of claims by administrator.

43-41B-26    Claim of another state to recover property--Procedure.

43-41B-27    Action to establish claim.

43-41B-28    Election to take payment or delivery.

43-41B-29    Destruction or disposition of property having insubstantial commercial value--Immunity from liability.

43-41B-30    Period of limitation.

43-41B-31    Requests for reports and examination of records.

43-41B-32    Retention of records.

43-41B-33    Enforcement.

43-41B-34    Interstate agreements and cooperation--Joint and reciprocal actions with other states.

43-41B-35    Interest on untimely payments.

43-41B-36    Agreements to locate reported property.

43-41B-37    Effect of new provisions--Clarification of application.

43-41B-38    Rules.

43-41B-39    43-41B-39. Rejected by special referendum election held November 3, 1998

43-41B-40    Open-loop prepaid cards exempt.

43-41B-41    Rewards cards exempt.

43-41B-42    Unredeemed gift certificates, closed-loop cards, open-loop cards, and rewards cards not subject to state claim.

43-41B-43    Certain gift certificates and closed-loop prepaid cards exempt.

43-41B-44    United States savings bonds.



43-41C UNCLAIMED PROPERTY HELD BY MUSEUMS OR HISTORICAL SOCIETIES
CHAPTER 43-41C

UNCLAIMED PROPERTY HELD BY MUSEUMS OR HISTORICAL SOCIETIES

43-41C-1      Property held by a museum or historical society deemed abandoned.
43-41C-2      Publication of notice of abandoned property held by a museum or historical society.
43-41C-3      Notice requirements for abandoned property held by a museum or historical society.
43-41C-4      Title to abandoned property vested in museum or historical society.



43-42 THINGS IN ACTION
CHAPTER 43-42

THINGS IN ACTION

43-42-1      Thing in action defined.
43-42-2      Transfer and survivorship--Violation of right of property or obligation.
43-42-3      Nonnegotiable contract--Transfer by endorsement.
43-42-4      Accounts receivable--Transfer by assignment in good faith.
43-42-5      Debtor unaware of assignment--Acquittance by good faith payment to assignor, creditor, subsequent purchaser, or other assignee or transferee.



43-43 PRODUCTS OF THE MIND
CHAPTER 43-43

PRODUCTS OF THE MIND

43-43-1      Products of the mind--Exclusive ownership of author.
43-43-2      Products of the mind--Joint ownership.
43-43-3      Transfer of product of mind by owner.
43-43-4      Publication by owner of product of mind--Reproduction rights.
43-43-5      Subsequent inventor, author, or composer--Identical production--Rights of respective owners.
43-43-6      Private writings--Ownership--Right of publication.



43-43A SOUND REPRODUCTIONS
CHAPTER 43-43A

SOUND REPRODUCTIONS

43-43A-1      Owner defined.
43-43A-2      Pirating recorded sound or dealing in pirated recordings as felony.
43-43A-3      Sale of recordings without identification of manufacturer and performers as felony.
43-43A-4      Broadcast media, home recording, judicial and administrative proceedings exempt.
43-43A-5, 43-43A-6.      Repealed.
43-43A-7      Each transaction as separate offense.



43-43B COMPUTER PROGRAMS
CHAPTER 43-43B

COMPUTER PROGRAMS

43-43B-1      Unlawful uses of computer system.
43-43B-2      Definition of terms.
43-43B-3      Penalties for unlawful use of computer systems.
43-43B-4 to 43-43B-6.      Repealed.
43-43B-7      Civil rights not affected.
43-43B-8      Venue for violations.



43-44 EMBLEMS OF ASSOCIATIONS
CHAPTER 43-44

EMBLEMS OF ASSOCIATIONS

43-44-1      Insignia of fraternal, historical, military, or labor organizations--Right of registration, alteration, or cancellation.
43-44-2      Deceptive emblem--Registration forbidden.
43-44-3      Application for registration of emblem--Officers authorized to make--Verification--Copies of emblem.
43-44-4      False or fraudulent representation to procure filing and registration as misdemeanor.
43-44-5      Application for registration, alteration, cancellation, or transfer of registration of emblem--Receipt and filing by secretary of state--Issuance of certificate--Indexing.
43-44-6      Fee for registration, alteration, or cancellation of certificate--Assignment and other fees.
43-44-7      Registration records--Indexing by secretary of state--Contents.
43-44-8      Prima facie evidence of right to exclusive use of registered emblem--Rights of prior owner not affected.
43-44-9      Persons benefitted by registration of emblem.
43-44-10      Unauthorized use or wearing of registered emblem--Classification of offense.
43-44-11      Enjoining unlawful use of emblem of fraternal, historical, military, or labor organization--Right to damages.



43-45 PERSONAL PROPERTY EXEMPT FROM PROCESS
CHAPTER 43-45

PERSONAL PROPERTY EXEMPT FROM PROCESS

43-45-1      Scope of exemptions of personal property.
43-45-2      Property absolutely exempt.
43-45-3      Homestead absolutely exempt--Extent of exemption when homestead sold or divided by court order.
43-45-4      Additional property exemptions--Selection and appraisal.
43-45-5      Repealed.
43-45-6      Proceeds of life insurance payable to estate of decedent--Rights of surviving spouse or minor children--Amount of exemption--Payment discharging insurer from liability.
43-45-7      Persons to whom exemptions do not apply.
43-45-8      Exemption not allowed for purchase money or construction costs.
43-45-9      Debt incurred for property obtained under false pretenses--Allowance only of absolute exemptions.
43-45-10      Judgment for fines, penalties, or costs of criminal prosecutions--Limited exemptions.
43-45-11      Judgment for forfeiture of undertakings and bonds taken in criminal cases--Limited exemptions.
43-45-12      Inventory and appraisement of exempted or other personal property--Return by officer having process of levy or sale.
43-45-13      Certain federal bankruptcy exemptions not available.
43-45-14      Exemption of earnings from garnishment process or levy-Bankruptcy.
43-45-15      Legislative intent.
43-45-16      Exemption from process for certain retirement benefits--Right of state to collect.
43-45-17      Employee benefit plan defined.
43-45-18      Court determination of appropriate exemption.



43-46 JOINT OWNERS' LIABILITY FOR DECEDENTS' DEBTS
CHAPTER 43-46

JOINT OWNERS' LIABILITY FOR DECEDENTS' DEBTS

43-46-1      Joint owners' liability for debts and obligations of deceased joint owner.
43-46-2      Right of action of creditor or representative of deceased joint owner.
43-46-3      Proof of insufficient other property of deceased joint owner to pay debts.
43-46-4      Limitation on amount of liability of surviving joint owner.
43-46-5      Joinder of surviving joint owners in action--Right of contribution.